A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay Example for Free

A Good Man is severely to Find EssayIn Flannery OConnors story A Good Man is Hard to Find the claim illustrates the changing times and how progressively from the nannas perspective, the future is quite different from the past in which the grandmother believes that the past presented heap with a much simpler way of life and the future is not as decadent and is too complex. The title also refers to the interchange between the grandmother and the Misfit at the end of the story. The Misfit is a man who was has recently escaped from prison.When the grandmother and the Misfit meet up on a country road after the grandmothers family has been in a car wreck the Misfit and his gang take care of the family, with the Misfit sweep awaying the grandmother last. The title of the book bears relevance to this in a portend manner in that the ideals that the grandmother tries to uphold and apply to the Misfit bear no relevance in reality for her, the title connotes that the past is unattaina ble a expert man is hard to find means that the world is changing rapidly and her reference towards life is outdated.For the Misfit the reader can foreshadow how the title connotes his childhood and how he simply was borne bad and that the object of a good man creation hard to find entails the psycho-socio-balance that cannot exist rightly in any man seemingly. Furthermore, the title foreshadows in a way how the world has lapsed in faith both the grandmother and the Misfit urinate a lack of faith in anything, and as OConnor has written the story she adds in her touch of personality, If you would pray, the old lady said, Jesus would help you. Thats right, The Misfit said. Well then, why dont you pray? she asked trembling with delight suddenly. I dont want no hep, he said. Im doing all right by myself. (OConnor A Good Man is Hard to Find 11). Thus, when the Misfit admits that he likes who is, or at to the lowest degree does not want to go around changing who he is, it is OConnor s omission that there is no such thing as a saint, as a good man and thus the impetus for the title is found, and all of the foreshadowing can be found in this title for the reader.The group of the book is progression progress from a former state of being to a later state of being which is shown succinctly with the car trip, the drive defeat the country road to a house which does not exist in that state and finally with the family facing their death at the pistol end of the Misfit and his gang. It is through this groundwork of progression that the reader may also connote foreshadowing because with this progress, the family cannot expect to stay the same, and since the grandmother is a character so set in her ways, the only way for her to change in the story is through death.This theme of progress goes into detail with the characterization of the Misfit. The Misfit, like the grandmother denies the theme of progression, which is also a foreshadowing in the story as the reader know s the Misfits character will not change and thus, will kill the family, because if he doesnt kill the family its a sign of progression and change. While the grandmother clings wholeheartedly to the past, the Misfit does this as well. The grandmother changes by dying and the Misfit stays the same by cleaning the grandmother and the family.I call myself The Misfit, he said, because I cant make what all I done wrong fit what all I at rest(p) through in punishment. (OConnor A Good Man is Hard to Find 11). Thus, the Misfit is stating that his future does not match his expectations, and his progression as a person has stalled and his stuck being the Misfit which incidentally is a name he designed and applied to himself to further exemplify that he is without development and surely, as represented in OConnors story a man without hope of change.OConnors story subsequently allows the reader to find out that what the grandmother and Misfits true shame is that they fear change and thus tha t is their sin. OConnors story is a tale told about redemption or rather the lack of redemption. Neither the grandmother nor the Misfit feel morally remiss about their actions or their attitude towards things, such as crime and killing for the Misfit and racism and prejudices for the grandmother. By allowing these characters to be recalcitrant toward the theme of progression she is making the characters human which is not often done in novels or short stories.OConnors approach to characterization makes for the story to have a lot of gumption in its writing style and subject matter. By including the dirtier side of life, such as biases and murdering OConnor is allowing the story to shape indoors a paradigm of humanity which must by its nature be inclusive of both good and bad, and OConnor is an expert in the writing of the yin and yang as it were.Work Cited OConner, Flannery. A Good Man is Hard to Find. Harvest Books, New York. 1977.

AP world Review sheet Essay Example for Free

AP human race Review sheet probeIt is not possible to bring up for an exam covering ALL OF WORLD HISTORY. In order to properly prepare for this exam, you will need several weeks to master the content as salubrious as the skills. The avocation plan will help you to manage your time and get you ready for the test. It would be best if you worked in study sorts of 3-4 classmates. Prepare to dismiss SEVERAL HOURS each weekend reviewing the content of this course. You should have a review book to help you. Suggested study steps1. Before you meet with your study groupa. Read and highlight review book section for assigned period of historyb. Create note cards for important terms and peoplec. call for old notes PERSIAN charts for each time period and review them2. With your study groupa. Collected and graded each MondayComplete entire packet including charts and strain outlinesb. SuggestedDiscuss topics listed below with study groupComplete multiple choice in review book and che ck over incorrect responses Write integrity complete essay while timing yourselfUnits of World History1. Technological and Environmental Transformations (8000 BCE 600 BCE) 2. Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE 600 CE) 3. Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 CE 1450 CE) 4. Global Interactions (1450 1750 CE)5. industrial enterprise and Global Integration (1750 1900 CE) 6. Accelerating Global Change and Realignment (1900 Present)Discussion Topics for Study Groups1. What are the patterns and effects of interaction among societies at this time? (trade, wars, diplomacy, international relations)2. Discuss the relationships of change and persistence across the world in this period.3. What is the impact of technology during this period? What is the impact of demography during this period? (population growth, decline, disease, manufacturing capabilities, agriculture, weaponry, etc.)4. Describe the systems of social structure and gender structure (comp are across societies).5. Describe the cultural, intellectual and religious developments during this period across the world. Discuss how these ideas spread from one group to another.6. Describe changes in functions and structures of governments and attitudes towards states and political identities, including the emergence of the nation-state (political and cultural).7. Which civilizations are on the rise during this period? Which are in decline? Why? **How do major civilizations during this time period compare?Directions You are to answer the following question. You should surpass 5 legal proceeding organizing or outlining your essay.Write an essay thatHas a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical certainty. Addresses all parts of the question.Makes direct, relevant comparisons.Analyzes relevant reasons for similarities and differences.For the period from 3500 BCE to 600 BCE, compare the developments of twoearly societies from your studies (you must choose societies from two different geographic areas).*Hint Think PERSIAN (not the empire)Week 2 seek DBQ FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONDirections The following question is based on the accompanying documents 1-8. (The documents have been alter for the purpose of this exercise).This question is designed to test your expertness to work with and understand historical documents.Write an essay thatHas a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with evidence from the documents. Uses all of the documents.Analyzes the documents by grouping them in as many appropriate ways as possible. Does not simply summarize the documents individually. Takes into account the sources of the documents and analyzes the authors points of view. Identifies and condones the need for at least one additional type of document.You whitethorn refer to relevant historical information not mentioned in the documents.Using the documents, analyze Han and Roman attitudes toward technology. Identify one additional type documen t and explain briefly how it would help your analysis.Week 3 Essay COMPARATIVE FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONDirections You are to answer the following question. You should spend 5 minutes organizing or outlining your essay.Write an essay thatHas a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical evidence. Addresses all parts of the question.Makes direct, relevant comparisons.Analyzes relevant reasons for similarities and differences.Analyze similarities and differences in the rise of TWO of the following empiresA West African Sudanic Empire (Ghana OR Mali OR Songhay)The Aztec EmpireThe Mongol EmpireWeek 4 Essay CCOT FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONDirections You are to answer the following question. You should spend 5 minutes organizing or outlining your essay.Write an essay thatHas a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historicalevidence. Addresses all parts of the question.Uses world historical context to continuities and changes over time. Analyzes the pr ocess of continuity and change over time.Analyze the changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian Ocean region from 650 CE to 1750 CE.Week 5 Essay CCOT FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONDirections You are to answer the following question. You should spend 5 minutes organizing or outlining your essay.Write an essay thatHas a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical evidence. Addresses all parts of the question.Uses world historical context to continuities and changes over time. Analyzes the process of continuity and change over time.Describe and explain continuities and changes in religious beliefs and practices in ONE of the following regions from 1450 to the present.sub-Saharan AfricaLatin America/CaribbeanWeek 6 Essay DBQ FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONDirections The following question is based on the accompanying documents 1-10. (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise).This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents.Write an essay thatHas a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with evidence from the documents. Uses all of the documents.Analyzes the documents by grouping them in as many appropriate ways as possible. Does not simply summarize the documents individually. Takes into account the sources of the documents and analyzes the authors points of view. Identifies and explains the need for at least one additional type of document.You may refer to relevant historical information not mentioned in the documents.Using the following documents, analyze the causes and consequences of the jet plane Revolution in the period from 1945 to the present. Identify and explain one additional type of document and explain how it would help your analysis of the Green Revolution.Historical earth The Green Revolution refers to the worldwide introduction of new, scientifically bred crop varieties and intensive use of new technologies

Traditional Costing Methods vs Activity Based Costing (ABC)

Traditional Costing Methods vs Activity Based Costing ( first rudiment)In this propound I will attempt to discover whether it is feasible as a order to transfigure the Traditional methods of approaching we currently use to the more recent Activity Based Costing methods, smacking at the benefits and drawbacks of changing and whether it is worth implementing these natural costing methods to our company as a whole.Introduction / BackgroundAs a sm in all local engineering firm we currently use the Traditional costing method where we apportion Production overheads on the basis of contain ram hours. Does this give a fair and accurate representation of the true cost of expenditure each harvest-time consumes or should we as a company convert to the Activity Based Costing system or ABC as I will refer to it from here in, where we first assigns be to the activities that argon the real originator of the overhead and then assign the cost of those activities only to the products that are in truth demanding the activities. Would this give a fair and more realistic look at the way we cost jobs. In this report I will look at both methods and determine whether we as a company should change the way we cost our jobs and if we do change to the ABC method of costing, what the conditions are of implementing this to us.Traditional Costing MethodsCurrently we adopt the more tralatitious way of tryst our production overheads which involves the overhead rate being calculated using direct labour hours, machine hours, or units, in our case using direct labour hours. The advantages of using this system areSimplicity the calculation of overhead rates is relatively straightforwardThey are widely understood in businessThey are not expensive to operateUntil the late 1980s they were seen as fairly accurateThey are still being employ after many decades.The weaknesses of traditionalistic costing systems areTheir reliance on arbitrary rather than cause-and-effect allocation of ov erheadsTheir inability to give accurate product costs in multiproduct companiesTheir failure to crumble non-manufacturing costs.(Traditional costing system. A Dictionary of Business and Management. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 19 Nov. 2010 . )Currently using the traditional method of cost accounting we are allocating the factorys indirect costs to the items construct on the basis of direct labour hours, By using only labour hours to allocate the manufacturing overhead to products, we are implying that the labour hours are the underlying cause of the factory overhead. Traditionally, that may have been sufficient for the companys external financial statements. However, in recent decades the manufacturing overhead has been caused by many other factors. For example, some customers are plausibly to demand additional manufacturing operations for their products. Other customers simply want great quantities of product.If we want to know the true cost to produce specific products for specific customers, the traditional method of cost accounting is inadequate. ABC was developed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional method. Instead of just wiz costing such as labour hours, ABC will use many costings to allocate our indirect costs. A few of the costings that would be used under ABC include the number of machine setups, the pounds of hooey purchased or used, the number of engineering change orders, the number of machine hours, and so on.So do we continue to use this system because it is simple to use and has been used for decades or do we want a more accurate analysis and breakdown of the way we allocate costs.Activity Based Costing (ABC)Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is an entropy System developed in the 1980s to overcome some of the limitations of traditional cost accounting and to enhance its usefulness to strategic decision-making.ABC systems are knowing and implemented on the premise that products consume activities, activities consume resources and resources consume costs (Sprow, 1992). ABC systems assign costs to activities based on their consumption of resources, and then application costs are assigned to products or services in proportion to a selected appraise of their individual workloads (Anderson, 1993 p. 7). ABC systems examine all processes (or activities) that are actually relevant to the production of a product and attempt to determine exactly what portion of each resource is consumed i.e. which activity a particular product uses.(M. Gupta, K. Galloway / Technovation 23 (2003) 131-138)Why the need for ABC, you may askNowadays managers are facing global competition and increased productivity in new manufacturing environments. Companies attempt to call on customer focused and concentrate on quality products at competitive prices. Under these circumstances, many firms are interested in determining various costs more accurately with the objective to integrate manufacturing and marketing strategies. Various costing systems are used to provide an increased accuracy about product costs, product mix, pricing and other investment decision- makings. Some experiences reveal that the distortion in reported product costs and, in turn, product pricing could be reduce by using activity-based costing (ABC)(A. Gunasekaran, M. Sarhadil Int. J. Production Economics 56-57 (1998) 231-242)What are the benefits then of this new and modern way of costing, is it authentically the way forward for us.It wont elapse costs but it will give us detailed information about the way we are consuming them, thus helping us to single out problem areas with the view to rectifying why the costs are so high in these areas.ABC costing is a good tool where different customers lead different needs.Its an unwritten rule respected by many in the business world that you generally treat your best customers the best. The problem is, do you really know who your best customers are, or do you think you know? The majority of business people have the false perception that the best customer is the one that accounts for the largest portion of your income every year. This is not always the case for the simple reason that the same customer may be responsible for the biggest part of your expenses also. Studies have shown that 20% of all customers virtually provide all the profits of a company. Another 60% break even and the remaining 20% only reduce the lav line. Wouldnt it be nice if you had the names of that 20% of headache-inducing customers that are literally more trouble than theyre worth? To determine how much a customer is costing you, you must first identify the activities that relate to each customer and determine the total cost absorbed by those activities. These activities or cost drivers should be considered then to flier the level of activity absorbed by each customer. The ultimate purpose of implementing ABC is to separate these activities into individual cost drivers. Then, all you have to do is measure each cus tomers participation in the specific cost.(The ABC Portal is 2002 Offtech Computing Pty Ltd.)So with our customers needs being different in terms of specific shelters and designs we could cost jobs more accurately to each customer.Looking at the draw backs to the ABC costing system, we would have to take into account the data collection process for this new system could prove to be very time consuming along with the capital expenditure on this new system and its subsequent running costs. Employee subway system must also be taken into account. This is a major obstacle in implementation of an ABC system. Such resistance is natural as the closely common objective is to give a decrement in overhead costs, and in almost all circumstances this could result in a reduction in personnel.So to break it down the advantages and disadvantages of ABC areThe main advantagesAssesses costs of individual activities, based on their use of resourcesEnables accurate costing of all activities to be o btained throughout an organisation.Easy to identify where high (and low) costs are being incurred and the cause.A valuable tool for both business and process returnsHelps with future product planning e.g. the cost of all activities associated with a product or service fire be accurately determined before it is launched. This can then help with determining pricing, and any associated expenditure.Disadvantages includeIt may be difficult to set up and establish, particularly if an organisation is using more traditional accounting methodologies. (barriers to change) sack up be time consuming if all activities are to be costedMay provide too much detail obscuring the bigger picture.Can lead to employee and possible management disharmony.

Program Management Principles and Program Life Cycle

plan focussing Principles and designmeme Life CycleA syllabus is collection of correlated projects curbd in synchronized manner to acquire benefits which can non be obtained by managing them separately. temporary hookup, weapons platform anxiety is application of knowledge, skills and tools required to meet political platform requirements. The terms program and project circumspection look similar but labour attention Body of Knowledge(PMBOK) industry guide clarifies the difference between these two terms such(prenominal) as a program comprises number of resources needed for strong the specified objectives. A program is a continuing task whereas project is a temporary endeavor to form a sole product or military service. In actual, project is a part of program. The program wariness involves focusing of interrelated project, while the term program commission outsourcing refers to transfer of program administration to outsider management. The program management outsou rcing is preferred these days due(p) to some factors such as stakeholder management, benefit management and squ atomic number 18-toed program governance.In this explore report, the theatrical character II describes about the program management in depth such as program management principles and program aliveness cycle etcetera. The section III explains program management outsourcing and cheek ending strategy. The following sections demonstrates some factors affecting the mastery of outsourcing as well as challenges to program management outsourcing atomic number 18 also evaluated.Today, business institutes manage several projects simultaneously with sharing resources from different geographical places. design management is best stem to run correlated projects, in other ways effective program management is key to success for execution of geological formations objectives or to grasp worldwide customer satisfaction. The program management delivers strategic objectives, b usiness plans etcetera.A. Program managementThe Program counseling Group defines program management as planning and monitoring of tasks and resources a pamper a portfolio of projects and identifies that organization with employ program management got advantages such as multiple projects can be handled concurrently, alteration in schedules, deadlines or in objectives can be master(prenominal)tained by different high skilled professionals. Program management is technique for managing interrelated projects or for example if a whole project is difficult to operate, then it is separate into smaller number of projects which are handled by number of project managers and all small projects are intended to have single objective for organization and to keep back these all projects, a program manager is required who will ensure that all projects are running on tar reduce and confirm their over-all involvement to program as a whole and responsible for evolution from present business opera tions to future approach.B. Standard for Program Management Framework by PMIseveral(prenominal) Program Management Frameworks exist throughout the worldwide organizations such as PMI base Standard Program management, Managing Successful Programs Framework by UK government etcetera. PMI based Standard Program management consist of mainly collar areas such as Program life cycle, Governance of program and managing stakeholders as well as benefits management.Program Governance and Program Stakeholder Management Program Governance confirms alignment between business policy and pathway to sought after outcomes over program life cycle or ensures the progress of program. Program Governance assistances in risk management, benefits of stakeholders and in decision making and spoken communication management. It also offers an organizational structure, polices and events to advocate proper program delivery. In other words, Governance in actual is a group of persons with executive and manage ment roles and negligent functions systematized into structures and polices that help to define management install and decision making. Program Stakeholder management is heavy for establishment of program governance and organizational structure which is observed during program life cycle and program stakeholder management much likely to deal with that how program affect the stakeholders such as organizational culture etcetera and communication strategy is developed for managing their expectation and objectives of programProgram Benefits Management Benefit realization plan is developed as a part of program management to schedule benefits measurement activities along with strategic objectives of the organization. This planning includes delivering final benefits within the program and comparing it with initial business sides to confirm that program produces actual benefits.Program Life Cycle The program milestones are used to manage programs same as project milestones. The program lifecycle involves five consecutive phases starting from pre-program setup, program setup, establishment of program management, Benefits delivery and closing phase. While moving program from different phases, program manager confirms that strategic benefits of program should be aligned with organizations mission and vision and program governance mechanism is recognise and program lifecycle complies with demands of organizations and expected benefits are realized in synchronized manner. Program Management process groups are set of interconnected activities performed to achieve a desired outcome.Program management is technique for improving program from technical and management point of view. The program management resembles with construction management as the Construction Management association of America defines construction management as, a professional service that applies effective management techniques to the planning, design and construction of a project from inspection to d esign for purpose of controlling time, cost and quality.Outsourcing program management is process of transferring program life cycle management to outsider program management consultancy(PMC) and program is cognize as PMC managed program and usually happened in case of big projects and analogous experience, high skills and global class tools and technique and time management are main key points making program management outsourcing, a preferable method. All Public and private sector organizations are moving towards the outsourcing the program management for gravid scale programs. The program management outsourcing is adopted among various fields such as Public health, Construction, Oil and Gas sector and in telecommunication along with Olympics or any global events. The organizations go for program management consultants for managing large scale programs because of lack of skills and transfer managerial and technical risks to third party.The survey conducted by Rasdorf indicates t hat in private construction sector mostly go for program management outsourcing than public sector. The survey was conducted on construction sector which covers program management aspects and when organization acquire services from outsourced management or hire outdoor(a) program managers to manage their programs then some factors are considered such as fees to external program manager, which organization providing services and criteria for selection of program manager, relationship between the organization and external service provider, experience of similar projects , on time delivery etcetera and cost can be negligible for decision of hiring any external program managers as more emphasis is on skills and goodise required.A. wherefore Outsourcing Preferred?The Program management outsourcing increase operational competence and cost budgeting can be reduced and Doz Hamal et al. (1998) 1 discussed that in international market it is difficult to get potential profit from skills an d expertise within a firm and increasing demand for products forces organizations to devote in tactical business alliance. Outsourcing is becoming popular because of its benefits such as external program managers examines the program activities and govern the running programs with strategic planning, controlling and scheduling. The ROI (Rate of Interest) is often better than if projects are handled in-house and it becomes better reference for future projects.B. Outsourcing finality StrategyThe benefits, risks and several factors are typically included in making decision of outsourcing. The following figure represents the Outsourcing decision strategyFigure 1 Outsourcing end ModelThe motivation for outsourcing included three key points such as cost, strategy and political. The cost outsourcing includes cost savings and strategy is more related to outsourcing because of headfirst organizational growth and technological advancement and mostly public organizations drive outsourcing f or services that include general well-being and companionable aspects and come under political driven outsourcing.The benefits that can be considered before making decision of outsourcing are cost savings, condensed capital expenses, flexibility, access to newest technology, access to technical expertise and improved accountability.The risks factors should be included while making decision of outsourcing. The poor selection of outsource provider can be a risk and changing environment and provider problem such as relationship between provider and organization or less control and security can be the potential risks for the decision of outsourcingC. Selection of Oustsourcing providerThe selection of provider is important concern after making decision of outsourcing. The skills and expertise are main components while selecting and depending upon the requirement of client, three main capabilities are considered such as delivery competency, relationship and transformation capability. Fi gure 2 Outsoucing providers competenices Proper relationship between Program Management Consultancy and organization is required for success of outsourcing. There are some factors reviewed which contribute to the success of program management outsourcing.A. Business CaseThe business case is in go down documents program planning and building an outsourcing business case is necessary and for this research must be conducted and all assumptions should be clearly defined so that the benefits with outsourcing programs can be assessed. The business case should include relievo analysis that defends adoption of program management consultancy for delivery of program. The outsourcing step covers not only the reduced costs and technical expertise but also covers how business functions are affected for long duration of time. A Good Outsourcing business case determines the outsourcing solution should be associated with technical and business strategies of any firm. The most of the program execut ion decisions are determined by business cases. Hence, while outsourcing solutions the business cases are the important factors to consider.B. Contract between Organization and Outsource providerBooz Company directs that beat between the firm and program management consultancy is not just a paper document but it is a vehicle that aligns the interest of two parties and the strong relationship and delivery of grave service always motivates customer to outsource more from that service provider. Contract Management Archetypes are the frameworks that investigate outsourcing relationships at individual stage and further at organizational level.C. Program Governance StructureProgram Governance basically develop a structure within which program management is executed and gives active route to monitor results and classify and execute the adjustments to achieve consequence. The organizations should have a structure to define their goals and there is no robust structure, it is implemented a s per the practices and dynamics. The program governance is core part of program management that allows the organization to review the progress of the program aims and it provides a framework to get things on time and should be on track. The persons who directs program and organization employees must be organized and to confirm decision making their roles should be framed.D. Roles and Responsibilities Booz and Company defines that an appropriate relationship structure between the organization and program management provider with immaculate operational model can boost up the possibility of project success. The roles and responsibilities are the part of program governance but plays important role in success of outsourcing. In organizational structure the program manager directs other manager to achieve objective allied with business strategy. Program manager is support by individuals and program management office. The appropriate allocation of roles and responsibilities leads to prop er execution of program governance model. The following table demonstrates roles and responsibilities of some of staff membersTable 1 Roles and ResponsibilitiesRolesResponsibilitiesProgram plannerThe program planner mainly responsible for making planning strategies and schedules for the program and maintain all these activities.Budget executiveBudget administrator responsible for finances of the program and all financial activities.Communication CoordinatorThe communication coordinator serves communication polices and handle all type of communications for the execution of program.E. Program Stakeholder ManagementThe standard of Program Management outlines stakeholders as, those who interact with program and those who are affected by the program. The project will not succeed if needs of stakeholders are not considered well. Stakeholder management manages the hopes of the stakeholders and their needs to get task done. The process of stakeholder management comprises the identification of stakeholder and their influence on the program which can be high. Moderate and low as well as communication supervision plan is established and stakeholders are engaged through good communication, relationship etcetera.F. Program Management OfficeThe program management office(PMO) gives support to managerial and fiscal process. PMO has deep relationship with project coordination and in standardization of projects and enhance program management best practices. A defined procedure along with architypes, devoted program mangers, standards and standardized tools is offered by Program Management Office. The administrative polices, procedures and practices deliver operative framework for working employees for specific program. Program management office included delivery of program on time and within schedule. PMO can differ from single individual like program support to team of persons and can be dispersed over more sites if program distributed worldwide. The program management office is responsible for planning, tacking program and logistics management and background knowledge quality standards, stakeholder management and benefits realization etcetera. Some additional roles are also involved such as auditing and strategic overview of project and providing health checks during the program. Program management key component of success of outsourcingG. Capable Internal StaffThe organizations internal employees should be competent enough to oversight on some part of the programs for adopting substitute ideas and guarantee that programs are running on time and responsible for stakeholder engagement.H. Procedures and process in Program Life CycleThe program lifecycle consists of program pre-set phase, program set phase which includes scope and planning and after that establishment of program structure and delivery of benefits and last phase is program closure. Program management consultancy is responsible for evolving the program practices, processes across the progr ams life cycle in coordination with firm and implementation of all programs and procedures are come under program audit office.I. Organization and Program Management Consultancy culturalThe relationship between the organization and PMC has important impact on the achievement of program success. In case of IT projects, there are issues in cross border outsourcing of software and IT programs and for resolving these issues, organization should make appropriate choice of projects and relationship should be managed through cultural trainings and extra efforts are required to manage cross cultural issues of outsourcing. The cultural difference between program management consultants and organization employees can make difference in final output. A good relation between provider and company can make the outsourcing program successful and tries to build long term relationship between client and service provider.Khamooshi et al. conducted a survey to find top challenges of implementing progra m management outsourcing. The following figure represents the top five challenges. Mainly challenges to program management outsourcing success are improper program management practices and lack of business cases and if roles and responsibilities and delegations are not assigned properly that will lead to obstacle for success of program management outsourcing and improper stakeholder engagement and other top five hindrances to success of outsourcing are difference between culture of organization and program management outsider and absence of program management office , Governance structure absence is also major challenge to outsourcing. deficiency of competent internal staff for managing activities and improper contract model between PMC and organization.Figure 3 The Organization and Program management consultants viewpoint on top five challengesThe Client firm and PMC Cultural conflictFrom study analysis of survey, cultural difference is top challenge to the success of outsourcin g. The cultural difference arises when outsourcing internationally come into place such as social and economic difference such difference in culture of United states and United Kingdom. Organizational culture difference is also one aspect when organization is government firm. Due to cultural difference, some organization are resistant to change their work practices while outsourcing. Hence, proper training should be given individuals in organization during outsource from international consultancy specifically in case of IT outsourcing.Non-appearance of Program management Office and Audit functions The Program management office plays important role in managing large programs and stakeholders. The survey study resulted that it is second biggest obstacle in program management outsourcing. The PMO is only unit of firm that provides regular check on program execution and serves standards and polices to program management consultancy and to client firm also. The absence of PMO can lead to no resources and time optimization and inefficient decision making.Lack of Competent individuals in organization The organization can outsource the program management but cannot outsource the program governance unit. PMI has been trying to develop a shared program management vocabulary but company and outsource providers still not use same program management language. The non-professional staff in organization can be obstacle to the relationship between firm and PMC.Inappropriate program management Model and Risk allocation strategy The organization and program management advisor have different scope of interests such as organization like government funded complete their programs with low budget and in short duration of time but on the other hand outsource provider have different perspectives. The contract between both fails to put both firm and program management advisor on same leaf can lay the entire program on risk due to improper program management consultant model. For exampl e, the Booz and Company recommends cost plus incentive fees structure as efficient model in program management outsourcing agreement and inducements are provided after completion of program at time and within budget. But in case of increase delays and cost over runs, achievement based risk sharing agreement plan is better method. Suitable program management model and risk strategy can lead to the success of program outsourcing.Lack of efficient Governance structure In case when a program is outsourced to PMC, too much dependence on provider or blind trust and negligence of role of organization can be happened and leas to several issues that organization does not interfere with program management consultants work apart from financial structure and lack of accountability also arises due to unstructured contract administration. For example, PMC accepts design structure that comes from outsider design expert may contain some errors which are notified at the time of implementation and n either program management consultancy nor outsider expert take accountability of occurred errors and benefits should be delivered as expected and this is only possible through good governance structure. The roles and responsibilities of client and outsider should be defined as it is vital part of program governance. Sometimes situation is that shared and indistinct responsibility will lead to solemn consequence. The lack of performance management is also hindrance to success of outsourcing.In this research paper, a case study related to outsourcing program is reviewed to know about how program management outsourcing concept works with real world examples.A. accentuate of Case StudyB. NameLearning experienceAcknowledgment (Heading 5)ReferencesG. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955. (references)2

Artificial Intelligence and Approaches to Music Education

Artificial Intelligence and Approaches to medicament educational activityAbstractThe goal of this paper is to go over the principal burn upes to Music Education with a condense on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Music is a domain which requires creativity, occupation-seeking and problem-solving respectively, from both learner and teacher, in that locationfore is a ch in each(prenominal)enging domain in Artificial Intelligence. It is argued that remedial intelligent tutoring- arrangements be inadequate for teaching a subject that requires open-ended thinking. Traditional classroom methods atomic number 18 rough(prenominal)times favoured beca consumption tutors fire focus on individual differences and enhance creativity and motivation.However, it can also be argued that AI is a mechanism which en opens those with verboten traditional melodic theater skills to create music. Almost the notwithstanding goal that applies to music small-arm in general is compose or so(a)thing interesting (Levitt, 1985). This paper depart review different approaches to AI in Music Education. Approaches considered leave be bright Tutoring corpses in Music AI dwelling housed Music Tools highly interactive interfaces that employ AI theories.1. IntroductionThis paper give review some of the approaches to using Artificial Intelligence in Music Education. This particular field is of high interdisciplinary and involves contributions from the fields of education, music, artificial intelligence (AI), the psychology of music, cognitive psychology, human computer interaction, philosophy, computer science and mevery separates. AI in education itself is a really broad field, dating from around 1970 (Carbonell, 1970) and has its make theories, methodologies and technologies. For brevity, we depart abbreviate Artificial Intelligence in Education to AI-ED, come outing a standard convention.DefinitionsThe scope of AI in Education (AI-ED) is not decisive, so it will be expedie nt to consider some definitions. A coarse definition is any application of AI techniques or methodologies to educational systems. Other definitions which focus much narrowly are, for example any computer-based encyclopedism system which has some degree of autonomous decision-making with respect to some aspect of its interaction with its users (Holland, 1995). This definition suggests the requirement that AI techniques reason with the user at the point of interaction.This might be in relation to best teaching approach, the subject cosmos taught or any misconceptions or gaps in the educatees knowledge. However, AI-ED in a wider context of use is sometimes defined as the use AI methodologies and AI ways of thinking apply to discovering insights and methods for use in education, whether AI programs are involved at the point of delivery or not (Naughton, 1986). In practice, these contrasting approaches form a continuum.Music An open-ended domainA useful distinction in AI-ED is be tween formalised domains and the more open-ended domains (domain means subject area to be taught). In relation to domains much(prenominal) as mathematics and Newtonian dynamics there are clear targets, correct answers and a reasonable clear and short bodily structure to follow for success. Whereas in open-ended domains such as music composition, there are in general, no clear goals, no perform criteria to follow and no correct answers.The focus is based upon, as mentioned earlier, Compose something interesting (Levitt, 1985). Rittel and Webber (1984) describe this particular problem in domains as wicked problems. In such domains there cannot be a definitive formulation for the problem or the answer. Wicked domains such as music composition require learners to not scarcely solve problems but also seek problems (Cook, 1994). The term problem seeking is used in a be of disciplines such as animal demeanour (Menzel, 1991). Cook (1994) imported the term into AI in Education in par ticular reference to the sense of philosopher Lipman (1991). In this sense Cook (1994) refers to the term problem seeking as followsProblems are treated as ill-defined and open-endedThere is a continual intertwining of problem specialisedation and declarationCriteria for completion is very limitedContext greatly affects the interpretation of the problemProblems are ever open re-interpretation and re-conceptualisationIn relation to expressive performing arts and music composition there is no goal or problem to be solved. The learner must find or create goals and problems which accordingly may need to be revised, modified and rejected where best suited to his/her taste.2. Computer-Aided InstructionIt is worth considering briefly the music education programs that negligibly use AI as a background to AI approaches in education. Historically, computers used in music, and most other subjects, were associated with the theory of learning behaviourism. These particular systems (branching teaching programs) stepped through the following algorithm (OShea and Holland, 1983),Present a inclose to the savant i.e.Present the student with pre-stored material (textual or audio visual)Solicit a response from the studentCompare the response with pre-stored alternative responsesGive any pre-stored comment associated with the responseLook up the next frame to gift on the basis of the responseAn example of this kind of system was the GUIDO ear-training system (Hofstetter, 1981). fork teaching programs tend to respond to the user in a manner that has more or less been explicitly pre-planned by the author. Therefore, this tends to limit the approach to a simple treatment.Multimedia and HypermediaMultimedia and hypermedia has had a great impact on music education and transformed music education software program programs, giving a different emphasis from the earlier behaviourist programs. Recent educational music programs such as Seventh Heaven, Ear Trainer, Interval and get a line aim to provide practice in recognising or reproducing intervals, chords or melodies. MacGAMUT is a classroom simulation program that dictates exercises and provides a detailed marking scheme.Other programs such as MiBAC Music Lessons, Perceive and Practica Musica offer a comprehensive ear training program including scales, durations, modes and tuning. See Yavlow (1982) for information on the aforementioned programs. Since the domain is comparatively clear-cut and non-problematic, ear training and music theory are popular methods in non-AI music education programs. There are umpteen useful musical theater computer shafts applicable to education such as music editors, sequencers, computer-aided composition tools, multimedia reference tools on CD-ROM Masterworks and much more.3. Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Music A Classical ApproachThe history of AI in education can be divided into dickens periods, the classical period (1970 1987) and the modern period (1987 to inaugu rate day). In the classical period, the three constituent traditional mildew of an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) was the most common and influential idea. This feign was sometimes extended to a four component model. After 1987, ideas had shifted to finding alternative ways around the traditional model. However, this was limited due to search available at those times, and the traditional model remains influential and is still used to the present day.Each of the three components of the traditional model can be considered a separate expert system. The traditional ITS model (Sleeman and Brow, 1982) consists of three AI components, each an expert in its own area. The first component, the domain model, is an expert in the subject being taught. So in the case of a vocal tutor, the domain expert itself would be able to perform vocal tasks. This requirement is essential if the system is to be able to answer unforeseen questions in relation to the task in hand.The second component is the student model. Its purpose is to build a model of the students knowledge, capabilities and attitudes. This will allow the system to vary its approach in accordance to the individual student. In essence, the student model can be viewed as a checklist of skills. This is sometimes modelled as an overlay i.e. a tick list of the fixingss held in the domain. Sophisticated models may view it as a deliberately distorted element or a faulty expert system. These errors are intended to mirror a students misconceptions.A fair diagnosis of a students knowledge, skills, capabilities and beliefs is often a hard problem in AI. One partial way around the diagnosis problem would be to ask the student almost their capabilities, beliefs, previous eff and so on. A more stringent approach is to set the student tasks specifically designed to analyse their skills. The progenys can and so be used to construct the student model.The ternary component of the traditional ITS model is the teaching mode l. Typically, this may consist of teaching strategies such as Socratic tutoring, coaching and teaching by analogy (Elsom-Cook, 1990), to simply allowing the student to explore available materials unhindered, with or without the guidance of a human teacher. The fourth component is an interactive user interface for the tasks mentioned, if it is used. Note that not all Intelligent Tutoring Systems consist of all three components. It is common to have a central focus on one maybe twain components, and omit, or greatly simplify the others.In particular, most ITSs in music focus on the expert or student model. Irrespective of the emphasis, ITS models require an explicit, formalisable knowledge of the task. However, many skills in music correspond to wicked problems and are resistant to explicit formalisation. This narrows the number of areas ITS models can be applied to in music education. An example area is Harmonisation. It is one of the few musical topics for which relatively detailed , harnesss of thumb can be found in a text set aside. But even here, the traditional ITS model may not be utile.There are two systems from the classical ITS period, which are good examples of the potential and limitations of the ITS approach in music, Vivace and Mac join.3.1 Vivace An expert systemVivace is a four-part chorale writing system, created by Thomas (1985). Vivace is not an ITS model in itself, yet has formed the basis of one. It takes an cardinaleenth speed of light chorale melody and writes a bass line and two inner voices that fit the melody. It uses text from books, missing from the practice of past composers, to employ rules and guidelines for harmonisation. These rules can be categorized into four types firm requirements, preferences, firm prohibitions, less firm prohibitions.There are three specific problems which can be identified for any human or machine when trying to harmonise on the basis of the rules. The first problem is indeed common in beginners class es, to satisfy all the formal rules and green goods a composition which is correct but aesthetically unsatisfactory. The second problem is that most of the guidelines are prohibitions or else than positive suggestions. Milton Babbit observes that the rulesare not intended to tell you what to do, but what not to do (Pierce, 1983).In other words, if we view harmonisation as a true AI generate and test problem, the rules constitute weak athletic stakeer in the testing phase, but little help in well focused generation. The third problem is that it is quite impossible to satisfy all of the preferences at any one given time. Some preference rules may have to be broken. A clear order of importance of preference rules is not assigned by traditional descriptions in fact, it is not at all clear that any rigid order would make sense.However, it is possible to write a rule-based system that implements text book rules. In principle, a traditional ITS system can use these rules to tap stud ents work and serve as a model of the expertise they are supposed to acquire. In relation to the limits aforementioned, how useful or effective would such a tutor be? Thomas used the tutor to illuminate the limitations of the theory. By using Vivace, Thomas was able to establish that text book rules are an inadequate characterisation when performing such a task at expert level.Thomas discovered using only conventional rules about range and movement the tenors voice would most certainly move to the top of its range and stay there. Thomas suggested that there must be a set of missing rules and metra-rules to fill theses gaps. He used a Vivace sampleal tool to establish this gap. In each experiment Thomas had to use his scholarship to decide upon whether the results were musically viable or not. Thomas discovered that many of the traditional rules were overstated or needed redefining. He also unveiled rude(a) guideline and was able to understand the task at a more strategic level. W ith the assistance f her human pupils, Thomas formulated a number of heuristics for what to do rather than not what to do.Experiments with Vivace enabled Thomas to realise the need to make human pupils aware of high level phase structure prior to detailed chord writing. As a result of her experiments, Thomas was able to use her new knowledge about the task, as a result of teaching her expert system, and write a new teaching text book based on her findings. Part of this knowledge was used in a simple commercial ITS, which criticises students voice-leading (MacVoice).3.2 MacVoiceMacVoice criticises voice-leading aspects of four part harmonisation. It is a Macintosh program based on the expert system Vivace. The MacVoice also includes a music editor as part of its interface. MacVoice makes it possible to input any peak, any chord at a time or a voice at a time, or notes in any disconnected fashion. As soon as a note is placed on the stave, it will showing its guess as to the function of the corresponding chord in the form of an annotated Roman numerical.Three are two important limitations of this system as follows firstly, all chords must form Homophonic blocks (all notes must be of the same duration) and secondly, the piece must be in a single key. There is one other menu function, called voice-leading.This particular function inspects the harmonisation in line with a set of base rules for voice-leading, indicating any errors. MacVoice is quite flexible to use.MacVoice has been used a lot at Carnegie Mellon University. MacVoice does not give positive strategic advice. It only points out errors. It does not address the efficiency or any other benefits of the chord sequences involved. Further research on this topic may include a visual dis hunt of what the voice-leading constraints are, or the possible preferred outcomes.3.3 catchLasso was formalised by lux (1725). It is an intelligent tutoring system designed for the 16th century counterpart and is limited t o two voices. Newcombs approach focuses on intending to provide simple and consistent guidelines to help students know what is necessitate to pass exams. The process of codification of the necessary knowledge goes beyond that of text book rules and guidance. Like Thomas, Newcomb was aware of this, however, approached it using a probabilistic manner, analysing scores to find out such facts as the allowable ratio of skip to non-skip melodic intervals and how many eighth note passages can be anticipate to be found in a piece of a given length (Newcomb, 1985).Also, the knowledge used for criticising students work is being coded as branch adjectival code. There are also unvarying canned error messages, help messages and congratulatory messages. This will assist students, offering some form of motivation. Lasso is a very impressive system. It has a quality musical editor, tackles complex musical paradigm and has been used in real teaching contexts. However, there are some intrinsic pro blems. The rules are at a very low level, and there are a high number of them. There is a system rule which prevents over one hundred comments being made about any one given attempt to complete an exercise. For example, typical remarks made by Lasso includeA melodic interval of a third is followed by stepwise motion in the same direction.Accented quarter passing note? The dissonant quarter note is not preceded by a descending step. (Newcomb, 1985).The quantity of relevant text required to put in help context of myriad low-level criticisms could wakeful overwhelm students. Students complained that it was so difficult to meet Lassos demands that they were forced to revise the same task repeatedly. A solution to this problem would be to incorporate general principles to govern the low-level rules. Using such codified principles will reduce the number of comments required to relevant text and generalise observations.3.4 Concluding remarks on Intelligent Tutoring Systems A Classical Ap proachThe traditional Intelligent Tutoring System approach assumes an objectivist approach to knowledge. Such systems depend on the assumption there is a well-defined body of knowledge to be taught and can be put into precise concepts and relationships. This works with four-part harmonisation and 16th century counterparts. However, in a more open-ended context, an objectivist approach can be very limited. In domains which are artificially limited, teaching of rules drawn from practical experience tends not be a very good approach.Using verbal definitions to teach a musical concept is limited and does not compare to the knowledge required to identify the true meaning of these definitions to be an experienced musician. It is all very well to define a chord, a dominant eighth in terms of its interval pattern and provide general rules but to an experienced musician the meaning of a chord or a dominant eight is much more depending on the context. Being able to intelligently manipulate st ructures is far more important than to just being able to understand and succeed a set of rules, which an experienced musician will be capable of doing so. Rather than just a set of explanations, a student needs a structured set of experiences making them more aware of musical structures, being able to manipulate them intelligently and most importantly, more capable of formulating sensible musical goals to pursue.4. Open-ended Microworlds The logotype PhilosophyA contrasted idea from the classical approach of AI in education, which is just as influential as the notion of an ITS is the logo approach (Papert, 1980). The logo philosophy has particular attractions to open-ended domains such as music. It focuses its approach on the idea of an educational microworld. An educational microworld is an open-ended environment for learning. Therefore, there are no specific built-in lessons. The logo approach in associated microworlds does not need to involve much, or indeed any AI at point of delivery.However, their designs tend to be strongly influenced by AI methodologies and tools. A simple version of AI programming language is used to build microworlds. Students are encouraged to write or modify programs as a means of exploring the domain. logotype doubles as the name of programming language based on Lisp, used for just this purpose. There are three distinct elements in the Logo approach Logo (and similar languages) as a programming tool Logo as a vehicle for expressing various AI theories for educational purposes and Logo as an educational philosophy.Firstly, we will briefly explore Logo as an educational philosophy. In its early work, Logo was mainly used for mathematics learning, poetry and music. One of the versions encouraged children to produce new melodies by rearranging and modifying melodic phrases. The learning philosophy was aimed to enable children to have a better understanding of the concept by making them envision or pre-hear a result. Thus, enabling them to work out how to achieve it, and realise the reason slow obtaining an unexpected result. This learning philosophy was derived from a number of sources, including the psychologist Piagets notions of how children construct their own knowledge through play.The Logo approach in relation to microworlds can be somewhat complex. Students are sometimes provided with a simplified version of an AI model in some problem domains. For example, in the case of music composition, fragments of illustrative material can be generated using generative grammars as models of particular composition techniques. The supplied programs can be used by students to explore, criticise, and refine their own (or someone elses) model of process.Notice that none of the three components in the ITS model are required in the Logo approach. In practice, students need some form of guidance from teachers in order to make use of their full potential using Logo systems. If there is no guidance from a teacher the stu dents risks only learning a technique without appreciating the wider possibilities and understanding the true meaning of being an experienced musician. The educational philosophy associated with Logo has been applied to a number of systems in music at different levels and in different ways, as mentioned below.4.1 Music Logo System Bambergers SystemJeanne Bambergers Music Logo System (1986, 1991) can be used to work with sound cards or synthesisers. It uses programming elements called functions to structure and control musical sounds. Music Logos central data structure is a list of integers representing sequences of durations and pitches, which can be stored separately. These can be manipulated separately before being compete by a synthesiser. So for example, to play A above middle C for 30 beats, then middle C for 20 beats, then G for 20 beats , the following expression might be used.Play a c g 30 20 20Programming constructs such as repeat can easily be understood by beginners to d o musical work. Using arithmetic and list usage functions, note and duration list can be manipulated separately. Features such as recursion and random number generators can be used to build complex musical structures. Common musical operations are provided (list manipulation functions).For example, one function takes a duration a pitch list and generates a number of repetitions of the phrase shifted at each repetition by a constant pitch increment, creating a simple sequence (in a musical sense of the term). Bambergers Music Logo System also provides other musical functions, such as retrograde (reverses a pitchlist), invert (processes a pitch list to the complimentary determine within an octave), and fill (makes a list of all intermediate pitches between two specified pitches).To try and guess a musical outcome, manipulate lists and procedures or conversely iteratively manipulating lists of representations to try to reproduce something previously imagined, Bamberger suggests many s imple exercises. These techniques, in many ways, are a reflection of educational techniques suggested by Laurillard (1993) for general use in higher education. There are two particular classes of phenomena suggested by Bamberger, which emphasises the importance of shock and learning experiences.Firstly, perceptions of phrase boundaries occur in melodic and rhythmic fragments dependent upon small manipulations of the duration list. Secondly, there is an maverick difference between degree of change in the data structure and the degree of the perceived change produced. In priniciple, the Logo system allows students to focus on manipulating any kind of musical structuring technique. However, in practice the focus tends to be on simple, small scale structures such as motives, and their transformation.4.2 A series of microworlds zanyPeter Desain and Henkjan Honing developed a series of microworlds and tools applying the Logo philosophy. The first series was the LOCO (Desain and Honing, 1986, 1992). The second was POCO (Honing, 1990), followed by Expresso (Honing, 1992) and LOCO-Sonnet (Deasin and Honing, 1996). All of these microworlds carefully reflect the thought behind AI methodologies and how they can be applied to music education.LOCO is similar to Bambergs Logo, in the sense it also focuses on music composition. The central component is a set of tools for representing sequences of musical events, which can be interfaced with any output device or instrument. It is also flexible enough to take input from practically any composition system.Microworlds provided each offer tools for useful style-independent composition techniques, particularly stochastic processes and context free music grammars. Two musical objects provided essentially are just rests and notes. LOCOs time structuring mechanism is simple and elegant. There two relations, Parallel and resultant used to combine arbitrary musical objects. Sequential is a function which causes musical objects in an argument list to be played one after another, whereas, Parallel is a function that causes arguments to be played simultaneously.It is quite simple to nest a parallel structure within a sequential structure, and vice versa. Sequential and Parallel objects are treated as data which can be computed and manipulated before they are played. The result- arbitrary time structuring can be applied with much flexibility. As mentioned earlier, LOCO provides a base for composing using stochastic processes and free grammar context. Various effects can be produced, depending on how variables are defined, includingA random choice among its possible valuesA choice weighted by a probability distributionA random choice in which previous values cannot recur until all other values have been chosenSelection of a value in a fixed circular orderThe above are easily put together using composition (in a mathematical sense) of functions. For example, the value of an increment could be specified as a stochast ic variable. This can produce a variable that performs a Brownian random walk. Brownian variables can be used, for example, as arguments in commands to instruments within a time-structured framework. These techniques can be used to construct concise, easy to read programs for transition nets and other stochastic processes. Using general programming language in each case, the operation of a program can be modified. See Ames (1989) for more information in the compositional uses of Markov chains.The primary design goals of LOCO include ease of use by non-programmers to experts. A more late(a) version of LOCO, LOCO-Sonnet mirrors LOCO but also includes a graphical front end. Sonnet is a domain independent data flow language sooner designed for adding sound to user interfaces drawn from Jamesons (1992) Sonnet. It is designed for use by both novices and experts alike. LOCO has been used in workshops for novices and professionals and even has courseware available.4.3 Concluding comments o n the Logo approachThe Logo approach is known to be associated with constructivism. Constructivism, in the aspect of knowledge and learning, suggests that even in the cases where objectively true knowledge, exists simply presenting it to a student limits the effects of their learning. It based on the assumption that learning arises from learners being interactive with the world, which will force them to construct their own knowledge.The result of this knowledge will vary between individuals creating unique ideas and outcomes. This fits in very well with open-ended domains such as music where the basis of knowledge is learning how to create your own masterpiece.Unlike classical Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Logo requires intensive support from a human teacher. This can be viewed as both weakness and strength of the program. Intelligent Tutoring Systems and the Logo approach were both influential ideas of AI in education in the early years. As both strengths and limitations were noted over the years, combining characteristics of the two became a prime focus of research which led to Interactive Learning Environments (ILE). We will talk about this after a brief discussion on AI-based tools.5. Applications in Education focus on AI-based toolsThere are a number of application tools employing AI but its purpose is not primarily educational. However, it is useful to consider some of these systems as they nevertheless have clear educational applications. There are quite a few programming languages based on AI languages such as LISP and CLOS that have a relatively similar technical aspect to that of the Music Logo systems described earlier. However, the philosophy of use may be quite different. The commercial system Symbolic Composer (for Macintosh and Atari) is one example of this difference.It has a vast library of functions, including neural nets facilities, used for processing, generating and transforming musical data and processes, commonly built on Lisp. The syste m is primarily aimed at composers and researchers. Another elaboration which offers an educational paradigm with many links to AI culture is the Smalltalk culture. An example of such a system is Pachets (1994) MusES environment, implemented in Smalltalk 80. It is aimed at experimenting with knowledge representation techniques in tonal music.MuSES includes systems for harmonisation, analysis and improvisation. Finally, an example of a commercial program is Band in a Box (Binary Designs, 1996). It takes a chord sequence as input and at output can play an accompaniment based on the chord in a wide variety of styles. At one moment in time this would have required AI techniques but in todays era it is a conventional method.6. Supporting learning with Computational Models of Creativity6.1 A cognitive support framework constraint-based model of creativityI noticed that the drawing teacher didnt tell people much.Instead, he tried to inspire us to experiment with new approaches. I thought o f how we teach physics we have so many techniques-so many mathematical methods that we never stop telling the students how to do things. On the other hand, the drawing teacher is afraid to teach you anything.If your lines are very heavy, the teacher cant say your lines are too heavy because some artist has figured out a way of making great pictures using heavy lines. The teacher doesnt want to push you in some particular direction. So the drawing teacher has this problem of communicating how to draw by osmosis and not by instruction, while the physics teacher has the problem of always teaching techniques, rather than spirit of how to go about solving physical problemFeynman (1986)John and I.were quite happy to nick things off people, becauseyou drive off with the nicked piece and it gets into a the songand when youve put it all togetherof course it does make something originalPaul McCartney quoted in (Moore, 1992)There are limitations present in both traditional AI approaches in e ducation mentioned earlier (ITS and Logo). ITSs don not work very well in problem-seeking domains and Logo type approaches require support from a human teacher in order to be effective. One way of investigating these problems has been addressed by MC (Holland, 1989, 1991 Holland and Elsom-Cook, 1990). MC is an acronym for both Meta Constraints and Master of Ceremonies, which is a general framework for interactive learning environments in open-ended domains. We will focus on the domain model rather than the teaching model.The current version is designed at teaching ab initio students to compose tonal chord sequences, with partic

Dragons Legacy :: essays research papers

ForewordIn the days of the Ancients there was a race c atomic number 18 no other, for they were blessed with a unique gift of being able to speak and understand Dragon Tongue.Rumors spread about these magical folk, penetrating beneficial into the heart of the Evil Lords great fortress in the Dark Lands.Evil Lord Malus Dominus heard of this race, and he became worried. all knew that dragons were a superior race that could be only be defeated by immortals. They were the strongest creatures alive. If these folk were to forge an alliance with the dragons he would surely perish.Before cut across the next day, he had summoned his undead warriors. They had destroyed the race before daybreak well thats what they thought.A few hours later some traders passed by the spot where the crossroads had been and they heard a noise. When they went to investigate they found a child wrapped in a silk sheet just barely alive.So they took the child and brocaded it as one of there own never knowing i ts secret.Chapter 1 The Truth RealizedThe merchants son Dazhrej was the finest archer in the principality of Vellantim. His bring forth Rovnir went to the inn every night and gloated.The bandit had slain the guards surrounding the treasury and made off with the loot.If Dazhrej had not had to fetch some more silk for his father he would not have seen the bandit making off with the Princes treasure covered in the blood of the Princes royal guards.Dazhrej yelled for the military man to stop. The bandit obliged, turned around and went for his barbed throwing knife. Before he had a chance to throw it he had an arrow in his arm pinning it to a tree. Before the fellow had a chance to take in the damage he had another arrow right between his eyes.The Prince thanked Dazhrej for recovering his treasure and rewarded Dazhrej by offering to foster him until knighthood.Dazhrej gladly accepted..Three years laterDazhrej now excelled in swordplay, knife fighting and magic.Dazhrej, have the horses been readied? asked Prince Ronan.Yes, your highness, Dazhrej replied.We leave at sunrise, the Prince said.Ah, Prince Ronan, where are we going? Dazhrej asked with curiosity.The Grand Congregation of course, replied Prince Ronan. Every Prince is going to be there. Its where we draw up the trade laws, permits and settle disputes between the Princedoms.Oh. Why did you not go last year or the year before?

Classification Essay - Three Types of Cheaters -- Classification Essay

Plagiarism - Three Types of CheatersFools make researches and wise men exploit them. Merriam-Websters dictionary defines the word plagiarize as to pass off as angiotensin-converting enzymes own the ideas or words of another. Every disciple knows that plagiarism is dishonest and wrong. Why do so many students do it? Students themselves may not believe that they argon plagiarizing. Many students plagiarize because of the diverse types of plagiarism which are often unknown to students. The three major types of plagiarism are shameless, haphazard and self-plagiarism. Self-plagiarism is a relatively new concept that has not gained much attention in the student world.Shameless plagiarists are the ones who go through their finished academic career passing off other peoples work as their own. In a majority of cases, these people do not get caught. Recently, a offset year student at the San Diego State University admitted to her friends that she was turning in her uncles essays for every assignment. She felt that she was not doing harm to anyone because her uncle would specifically write the essays for her. All this student had to do was retype the essays with her name on the top of the paper. According to this student, she is not plagiarizing because her uncle has given his expressed permission by consenting to the use of his essays. She has almost completed her first year at the school without even one teacher suspecting academic dishonesty. Although her friends and family members are appalled at her and her uncles lack of scruples, no one has alerted the school or her teachers. Up north at Chico State University, a young man confessed to his friends that he sends his rough-draft essays to his mother for proof-reading. His mother essentially woul... ...arism or else students run the risk of creation found guilty of plagiarism. Students may think they know what plagiarism is but a lot more are guilty of at least one of the three forms plagiarism. ReferencesA Mode rn Utopia by HG Wells taken from The Economist (US), Feb. 3, 2001 p6 The Spinster and the Prophet.Merriam-Webster Dictionary p 530.Michael Spears (http//voyager.dvc.edu/bmckinney/www.ehhs.cmich.edu/mspears/plagiarism.html)New York Times Upfront, Jan 1, 2001, v133 i9 p10 Truth or Consequences.Personal wonder with San Diego State student 4/2/01Personal Interview with mother of Chico State student 4/3/01Personal Interview with Carondelet student 4/5/01The Christian Science Monitor March 6, 2001 p17 Your work, or the Webs?US News & World Report, Nov. 22, 1999 v 127 i20 p 63 The cracking term-paper buying caper.