Balancing Productivity and Quality Patient Care

balancing Productivity and Quality uncomplaining C atomic number 18Balancing Productivity and Quality Patient C arAbstractThe purpose of this interrogation is to identify challenges balancing productiveness and role persevering of pity as it stands from a supervisory position. Todays supervisors mustiness not all focus on their staff and diligents, alone also on the organizational business horizons such(prenominal) as increasing productiveness and persona long-suffering feel for. Supervisors ar getting sandwiched between balancing productiveness and quality mete out. In this somewhat daunting quandary the supervisors must strive to find shipway to accomplish both(prenominal) missions. As I bequeath propose this will require talk changes in organizational health c atomic number 18 systems and a trope shift in current ideologies in the health keeping industry.Lets start off in my induce backyard so to speak, my organization is a Nursing and Rehabilitation hosp ital. The Mission controversy is, drive Here, Get Well, and Go Home. This is a 213 bed facility. There are approximately 135 employees throughout the organization working on every given day. The organization specializes in sub-acute business organization, long-term care and has a refilling unit. Also the organization has physical therapy, agate lineal therapy and speech therapy components to support longanimouss recovery. All of these people in organization eventually whitethorn collapse some contact with a new patient at different times in the recovery process.It is obvious from a macro-perspective it would be difficult to realize any improvements in productivity or patient care without solid supervisory skills and association. Nursing is my focus and professional occupation in which I will narrow the field to care for for this examination.As a treat supervisor one has to continually be lettered to accomplish both goals of productivity and quality patient care. Their re sponsibilities include planning, organizing and overseeing staff. bindmaid supervisors provided demandership two staffs under their charge. The nurse supervisor implements and interprets organizational policies and procedures maintaining treat standards and regulations. They also continually evaluate patient care and ensuring their satisfaction. A nursing supervisor skills also include budgeting, prioritizing duties and delegating responsibilities.Some of the obstacles that impede the big businessman of nursing supervisors out of their control is rising healthcare expenditures have incite spending reforms such as Medicares payment system. While such initiatives resolve to limit wasteful healthcare expenses, they may inadvertently result in lower-quality care providers may face an incentive to reduce the quality of their treatments to disparage costs and increase patient loads. (McDevitt, 2013)Unfortunately this is not the only drive in which health care organizations have to do more with less. Supplies, direct costs, state and national legislation has placed a huge push on the healthcare system at large.In the past nursing productivity has been the defined as the ratio of patient care per hour, per patient to salary and benefit costs paid out to staff by the organization. (Kohr, 2012) In the current economy this does not take into consideration the direct of expertise in which nurses must process information to accomplish the goals of change magnitude productivity and patient care. After all of that is saidNursing productivity models of any kind should take into account patients needs, nursing competencies, the availability of natural resources, and services provided. Nursing workload is a direct reflection of these variables and gos the tar of patient care, patient safety, as well as satisfaction of nurses and of patients and their family members. many an(prenominal) investigators have linked nursing staff indicators and nurse staffing with pa tients outcomes (Kohr, 2012)The difficultys of balancing productivity with quality patients care are reducing costs and employee hours for the sake of defend the bottom line is that really protecting the patient?. Yet that statement has clearly infiltrated and grayed the area between professional ethical, moral boundaries.In attempts at optimizing for efficiency are we as supervisors ultimately must manage both dichotomies. Managing these dichotomies is ostensibly overwhelming at first glance. This is what I mean by the proverbial sandwich effect, the danger here is being so overwhelmed that you are paralyzed into doing nothing. I contend that productivity and quality patient care are not at odds with one some other they are both vital to the success of any healthcare organization.The essence of productivity vs. quality patient care dilemma is this Productivity is visible, continuous, readily-understood and directly thrifty a daily metric. On the other hand, quality patient car e is invisible, boring, discontinuous, indirect, and its success is measured by the absence of negative outcomes. (Appel, 2012) Now thats somewhat of a quandary. Almost in the same breath organizations are willing to state quality patient care is our core principle. The problem, thus far, is bit that vision into action it is in the daily operations (Appel, 2012) and responsibility functions of the nurse supervisor, this is where the rubber meets the road. cheer supervisors are critical to the surveillance and coordination that reduce such adverse outcomes. Much work remains to be done in evaluating the impact of nursing care on positive quality care indicators, such as appropriate self-care and other measures of improved health status. (Mitchell, 2008)Nurse supervisors must instill in the people that they manage to continually profit information that can be correlated into data to finding that oddment between productivity and quality patient care. Whether it be quantitative or q ualitative data all must be brought together to serve to make informed decision for possible change. Harnessing this information could unlock knowledge that may elicit innovations striking that balance between productivity and quality patient care. Leave no stone unturned, is the mantra of nurse supervisors in nows tough economic and social times.How do we start? Communication, communication, communication is essential to establish any opportunity to balance a seemingly diametri bodey opposed processes. They can be integrated (productivity and quality patient care) to provide success for the organization and the patient. Tighter reins of communication and functions must be satiny for optimal performance.Nurse supervisors can trigger a needs summary of the situation informing the employees and organization that there is a performance cattle ranch between productivity and quality patient care. This brings in the team innovation of the organization as a whole (everyones job) need s to be the spearhead, focal point for systematic change and concern with both issues of productivity and quality patient care.A decision-making structures is needed, a paradigm shift. What is a paradigm shift? Stephen Covey suggests that a paradigm shift is what we might call the AHA experience when someone finally sees the composite picture in another way or finally sees the light. (Covey, 2004)The health care industry has been piteous paradigm shift toward placing more value on quality and outcomes. This affect has changed in the way health care organizations do business. Higher quality can be the solution, said Dr. Michael Ogden, chief clinical integration officeholder with Cornerstone Health solicitude during the discussion at High bit University. In health care specifically, higher quality could actually lead to lower costs. (Covington, 2014) As a nurse supervisor myself this sounds good but how do we get there?Some employers and health plans are push for greater price t ransparency. They argue that if consumers realized that they could receive high-quality services from lower-cost providers, they would set about them out. This, in turn, could encourage competition among providers based on the value of care not just on reputation and market share. (Unknown, 2012)Another aspect would be to empower the patients to be active participants making decisions about their own care. Empowerment of the patient also means to include them as a part of the health care team which may stimulate opportunities and innovation.As a nurse supervisors some of these ideas are not new, I however assert that nurse supervisors must educate themselves to perform their managerial duties at high levels, not only will the organization benefit, but so too will the patients. Nurse supervisors will need considerable enteric fortitude to sustain balancing productivity and quality patient care.A nurse supervisor of the future will have to be multi-dimensional with traits equivalent leadership and persuasion skills. Nurse supervisors must show empathy, creating trust with coworkers and patients. They must also have analysis skills, to be able to make fact-based decisions. blend in but not least, a nurse supervisor must have performance management and coaching skills to follow through on goals and objectives. Finally, I concludes this examination by making a statement that balancing productivity and quality patient care will always be challenging.ReferencesAppel, M. (2012, April 20). KevinMD. Retrieved from The problem of mixing productivity with patient safety http//www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/04/problem-mixing-productivity-patient-safety.htmlCovey, S. R. (2004). The 7 Habits of highly Effective People Powerful Lessons in Personal Change. New York unleash Press a division of Simon and Schuster.Covington, O. (2014, March 21st). Health care providers judge paradigm shift as path to reining in costs. Triad note Journal.Kohr, L. M. (2012, November Volume 21, No 6). American Journal of Critical Care. Retrieved from Building a Nurse and Productivity Measure Based on this Energy feign http//www.aacn.org/wd/Cetests/media/A1221063.pdfMcDevitt, P. L. (2013, February). Productivity and Quality in Health CareEvidence from the Dialysis Industry. Retrieved from http//www.econ.psu.edu/plg15/gm_dialysis_Feb2013.pdf.Mitchell, P. H. (2008). Patient Safety and Quality An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville, Md Agency for Health Care Research and Quality.Unknown. (2012, April/May). The Commonwealth fund. Retrieved from Quality Matters http//www.commonwealthfund.org/Newsletters/Quality-Matters/2012/April-May/In-Focus.aspx

Digital Technology And Manipulation Media Essay

digital Technology And Manipulation Media endeavorThe first device invented that could digitise or arouse parallelue ikons for sale in a digital format was a s put forwardner make by Russell Kirsh in 1957 (Terras, 2008). The s toilettener functi singled by t unmatched at the variations in tone within moving pictures and assigning a digital value to exist a tone band. Instead of creating a parvenu fritter this s slap-up dealner copied an existing snap and recorded it digitally. Becaexercising blasts can be scanned to a digital format, the initial analog negative can now be manipulated digitally and the truth value held by analog photographs can now be challenged.During the 1960s digital imaging technologies was still exactly accustomd by large institutions such as NASA and the the Statesn government. It was not until the 1980s that the media began to use digital imaging technologies. Digital engineering science could be employed to put forward the clearness of telev ision broadcasts and press forward up the fourth dimension in which photojournalists were adequate to send pictures to the media.In 1982, National Geographic published a photograph of the pyramids at Giza on the front cover of the clipping, see Figure 6. The photograph has been manipulated to fit a horizontal photograph of the pyramids onto the portrait cover of the magazine to make the front cover to a greater extent captivating (Terras, 2008). It is important to nock that this instance of manipulation was one of the first by a recognise organisation. National geography editor, Fred Ritchen who decided to compress the pyramids felt he had achieved a new point of view by the retroactive repositioning of the lensman a few feet to one side (White, 1999). Ritchens defence to accusations of manipulating the photograph was that if the lensman had moved and applyn the photograph at a different time of the day then the photograph would be the same. However the fact dust that this photograph was not the one that was make. The fact that the photograph was manipulated was not broadcast. It was admitted to throw a path been manipulated when other journalists hesitationed the photograph. Howard Chapnick (1982) argued that the words Credibility and Responsibility allow photographers to call picture taking a profession due to ethical considerations rather than a seam (p.40). Chapnick goes on to argue that not maintaining these ethics will damage journalistic impact and picture taking as a language. Lastly, he maintains the threat to credibleness is permanent if people begin to disbelieve the intelligence agency photograph (p.41).In 1985 digital cameras became wide used by professional photographers. Companies besides marketed digital imaging camera to the public for domestic use. During this time the transiting capabilities of computers was also advancing and provided a way for individuals to load encounter manipulation package and manipulate photograph s. In 1991 the American government and the media used digital picture taking as a engineering for the first time in a war environment. Not only was digital picture taking used to photograph the war however was used in weapon systems by America (Floridi, 1999).A lots more recent current use of digital imaging technology is live electronic manipulation. Manipulating a live fertilize allows the editing of satellite image feeds. On the fly image editing whitethorn be used in sports programming to show lines on pitches or by governments to hide classified buildings from satellite imagery that is unattached to the public such as Google Maps. News television channels and can also employ technology to sow text feeds beneath news anchors. Delta Tre supply FIFA with sports data services and on screen graphics (Bevir, 2012). In 2012, the union of European Football Associations placed recorded footage of a caramel brown crying at the opening of the game and played it after one of the team s had won the game to make for more compelling television. Amato (2000) argues that as this technology lasts more widespread and available the credibility of video media will be damaged permanently. In some ways this is alike(p) to National Geographics manipulated Pyramid in that both mental representations existed still were manipulated to give heightened sensation.The abilities that digital imaging technology founder provided have been used by Walt Disney Imagineering Studio to take existing photographs and film of aged or dead celebrities do in the past to be used in new programmes or films (Amato, 2000). This use of technology to manipulate media evidences how analog photographs and films ar susceptible to these processes and also asks the question of what is the lowest convergence? Is it apparently a manipulated piece of video footage or a new earth entirely? Mitchell (1992 p.192) argues that it is a new domain entirely. Mitchell (1992 p.192) also argues that photog raphy in recent times has entered a figure which he terms pseudophotography meaning that digital photography is not photography. though the two methods are comparable, they induce different manipulation potentials which are examined in the next section.Manipulation Since Digital photographySavedoff (1997, p.19) argues that technologies alter rather than simply add to the resources of art. This means that photography as an art form has been modify by added manipulation potential. This new digital imaging practice should possess ethical consideration for the manipulation of photographs. However, this has not happened due to the inability to dissever between the digital or analog photograph when printed creating tall(prenominal)y for opulent a different standard for each method. Photographys relationship with reality as previously defined is apparent in a digital photograph that has been printed, however the relationship created by the light reaction will not be present in a dig ital photograph. In an analog photograph created through a chemical process there is board for argument that the relationship with light remains intact. Although this trace looks to be unpatterned in a photograph created by digital means, the trace is not a chemical reaction but a digital representation of reality. Additionally, digital photography is limit little in the number of alterations or manipulations that can be applied. These manipulations leave little or no evidence of themselves. juvenile digital camera allow the photographer to review the image made and thus allows them such benefits of changing the composition until they are satisfied with the result. Images are manipulated by using computers and image editing software such as Adobe Photoshop, along with scanners to digitise analog images. Therefore, photographs made before digital photography are vulnerable to manipulation just like the same case of Disney outlined earlier (Bouse, 2002). The presence of digital im aging technology has changed photography and its relationship with veracity permanently. This lends evidence to Bouses argument that old photographs may be more widely trusted and that digital photography makes proof subscribers of images informed not only of current manipulations but of those in the past also. The reader of a photograph, although aware that the photograph was made before the aim of digital technologies is aware that the photograph might have been manipulated and nonethe little changes the way the reader interprets all photographs, manipulated or not (Savedoff, 1997). This means that digital technology has diminish the veracity of photography due to readers now questions all photographs. Lastly, it is very toilsome for the average reader to distinguish between manipulated and non-manipulated photographs.Michelle Henning (2007) argues that digital imaging technologies have enabled limited new ways of manipulating a photograph. Henning continues that digital tech nologies have only made the manipulation of photographs more available. Henning also argues that the public was previously unaware of image manipulation techniques before the invention of digital imaging technology. Digital manipulation has made the public more aware of photo manipulation and maybe even increased how often images are manipulated.Digital vs parallel of latitudePhotography has been changing since its birth in the 1800s and many of the changes have been dictated by technology but were always based on chemical reactions to light. In the 1820s Joseph Niepce found a method to permanently fix a photograph using lavender oil and bitumen. Niepce swiftly developed this method further into heliographs made by using silver nitrate. Eduard Daguerre was also looking for a way to photographically record subjects and contacted Niepce to work with each other. later on Niepce died, Daguerre found that mercury could fix images much more permanently and created the Daguerreotype wh ich Daguerre believed at the time serves to draw nature and gives nature the power to reproduce herself (Hirsh 2000). Since photographys invention the idea of a device that could create unmediated representations of reality was widely believed yet now we begin to see photography may not deserve the verisimilitude it has been ascribed. At the same time Henry Fox Talbot worked on a photographic method using paper print. Like the creation of photography and the creation of digital photography these changes and advances were driven simultaneously by several individuals at once. The daguerreotype became the most popular and was widely used to make very simple portraits. Later though, interest was given to the Calotype created by Talbot. The Calotype was less reliable but allowed for prints to be reproduced much more advantageously and allowed greater detail with the print at least initially. During the mid-1800s negatives were made from glass and coat with albumen paper. These proved mu ch more reproducible and gave more detail and sharper results than earlier methods. With regard to digital methods, has digital photography made reproducing images easier due to the fact that digital images when stored on a computer can be duplicated instantly and without cost? Being able to reproduce a photograph has always been desirable and this is shown by the demand for the Calotype. Bearing in mind that digital imaging technology has helped progress the abilities of cameras, it has done this in a way that has divided the two types of photography causing great debates among them.Mark Amerika, digital artist and writer, in an interview talks almost the differences between digital and analog photography. Amerika claims that images and how they are read is influenced by the way they are captured, meaning that as technology changes so does out edition of photographs (Jacobs 2006). Because photography is much more easily manipulated with digital photography the objectiveness of the photograph is lost and it is futile to pursue objectivity (Jacobs 2006). It would seem truthful that manipulation is more common since the advent of digital photography, which could argue that the do of an image is only a small portion of the final product like in the aforementioned case of Rejalnder.Both Mitchell and Savedoff claim that digital photography and the manipulation of it cannot be compared to analog photography because it is a new medium (Savedoff, 1997). Both continue to argue that because with digital photographs the image is created with a digital sensor digital capture is a separate process to analog capture.Digital photographs receive their authority because they are almost same to analog photographs and this authority is passed to the digital photograph. However, if this passing of authority is stopped, digital photography may be criticised for its lack of authority. News reporting currently staring(a) by digital photography may no longer be an acceptable medium for those purposes. Oddly, as already outlined, if digital photographs obtains its authority from its analogy to analog photographs, analog photographs may lose its authority because of this relationship.It is important to air that photo manipulation was possible before digital technologies it took place much less and needed much more time, effort and dexterity (Savedoff, 1997). Savedoff and Mitchell dispute that the increase in frequency of digital manipulations is enough to show the conceptualization of digital photography as a new medium. When an analog photograph was manipulated evidence of this procedure could be found on the negative and would more than likely mean the negative would be permanently modified. Yet with digital photography this does not apply (Savedoff, 1997). The digital file makes it very difficult to ascertain whether the file has been manipulated and also difficult to determine which file is the original, if one exists.Because analog manipulations needed expertise and dexterity it means that they were the exception to the norm as they were costly to accomplish. The refined abilities of digital technology that allow image manipulation to be completed with ease have made manipulated photographs become the ordinary. Savedoff (1997) claims that the power of the reportage photograph has lessened. Savedoff (1997) also contends that before digital photography there were well known standards regarding what was and what was not acceptable manipulation of an image. However, with digital technologies these standards have become irrelevant. This new trend of manipulation gives much less regard to what it means to manipulate an image.Amerika (XXX) furthers Savedoffs claims and he believes that instead of digital photography being a new entity it simply does not exist (Jacobs). Amerika argues that digital photography is just the processing of information and to print a digital image is no different to printing a text muniment from a comp uter. Amerika believes digital photography is not about photography but about binary code or manipulation ones and zeroes (Jacobs). However, if this school of purview is accepted then surely analog photographs are about interpersonal chemis stress and the reaction of light to a light sensitive medium.A one-third argument exists which opposes both Amerika and Savedoff. Michelle Henning (2007) makes the case that digital photography has changed or remediated the decorate of photography. Keeping in mind that digital photography is used close to differently to analog photography, but to greater extent is experienced and interpret in connatural ways. The design of digital cameras imitate analog cameras and feature the same vocabulary such as ASA/ISO standards which relate to film speed and are not necessary for digital cameras (Amerika/Jacobs). Maybe these imitations create a bridge between the two technologies that allows the inherent veracity of analog photography to be inherite d by digital cameras (Henning, 2007). Henning (2007) asks why digital cameras try to imitate analog cameras when the potential of digital imaging is greater than analog capabilities. It is important to state that although many companies manufacture cameras it is the larger companies such as Canon and Nikon and Sony that market digital cameras aggressively. Hennings idea that digital photography has remediated analog forms of photo making is not because of the abilities afforded by digital photography but because of the way it has been aggressively marketed by the companies that manufacture them (2007). Henning (2007, p.59) summarises in saying that digital imaging is not less photographic than chemical analog is and that it is a different process but ends up as the same result.The final analysis of the differences between digital photography and analog photography outlined by Mitchell (1992) is to see digital and analog photography as similar to painting. Rather than painting no lon ger being used as many feared it would with the birth of photography, its purpose simply changed. A change similar to this may also be experienced by analog photography, finding its niche somewhere between analog photography and painting. Digital photography however possesses the realism of analog photography but is more easily manipulated, putting it next to the two art forms (Mitchell, 1992).

The King Lears Enlightenment English Literature Essay

The King Lears Enlightenment English Literature EssayIn King Lear, Lear goes through a process of attaining a atmosphere up appreciation of himself, homosexual nature, and the world. At the beginning, the vanity and the self- find of ultimate power dominate his character. However, a series of loss throughout his life story provides him with m whatsoever precious lessons close the conception of true cognize, about the nature of a man aft(prenominal) rejecting his power, and about the real poverty of people around him.After the unanticipated attitude of two older daughters, Lear realizes that real manage is manifested not in words. At the beginning, a bullnecked need for praise is set as a standard which he uses to divide his poufdom among his daughters. The one who praises him close to get out receive the largest dowry. Lear as tumesce finds himself blind to assume his reward will ensure his accommodation in the future. However, the following reality accidental injury s him strongly. It is athe likes of the turn point for Lear when he realizes his partial blindness and learns the lesson about true love. When his daughters ar reluctant to accept him in their houses, he shouts O, how this mother swells up toward my snapper / Histerica passio, down, thou climbing sorrow / Thy elements below.-Where is this daughter?(7.224-226). Histerica passio is referred to one kind of moral illness, and Lears sickness is the surprise, the fear, and ultimately, the pain in his eye. His previous speculation about his daughters love is destroyed. They said they love him strongly, only where is this daughter?, he disappointedly asks himself without whatsoever reply. They just show their love when they need Lears reward of property however, when Lear postulate an accommodation, no one accepts him. Lear shouts how this mother swells up toward my heart to exemplify that an intense sorrow fills up his mind and his heart. He cannot suffer it and runs off into a storm. The power of the storm elevates the process of change within Lear. What he changes is how he sees himself and his daughters. He realizes that his daughters love is for his kingdom, not for him. O Regan, Gonoril, / Your old kind father, whose cad heart gave you whole- / O, that way madness lies (11.18-20), he states. The bourne frank heart can be interpreted in two different ways. It may be the divided kingdom Lear gives to his daughters, or it can be his strong hope and belief toward their loves they show up in the love test. In either meaning, he gives them to his daughters already. However, now Lear receives nothing, extract their ungratefulness. Their love is just a rhetorical promise, or, more painfully, a lying story. Consequently, that way collapses his madness. His enlightenment also illustrates when he insists, Ha, Gonoril Ha, Regan They flattered me like a dog, and told me I had white hairs in my face fungus ere the black ones were there When the rain came t o wet me once, and the wind to make me chatter, when the bunce would not peace at my bidding, there I smelt them out. Go to, they are not men of their words. They told me I was everything tis a lie, I am not ague-proof. (20.95-103). He uses an interesting metaphor the rain came to wet me to illustrate that his old assumption about his daughters love was wiped out of his mind. His suffering in the storm has brought him new insight that they are not men of their words. They swore they loved him to attain his kingdom, scarcely then they betray their words. He subtly uses the terminal not argue-proof to show how desperate he is when gradually seeing the deceit of his daughters, Goneril and Regan. Argue-proof refers to the immune to fever or shivering, but, in this context, he is not argue-proof. He is a normal human-being so he still gets extreme hurt when his daughters betray their love toward him.True love should be expressed by action rather than by hollow words, and capturing that lesson requires Lear to ask for the forgiveness when he has made an error. The primary point about true love assumption is apparently illustrated when Lear meets his true daughter, Cordelia. She refused to exaggerate her love toward him and be banished, but she returned to harbour anguish of him. Experiencing her kindness, Lear easily feels that she truly loves him consequently, he regrets about his insaneness treatment to her before. He offers to Cordelia, if you lease poison for me, I will imbibe it. (21.69). Lear is in a state of illusion, but also of great unimportance because he knows he has wrongly punished her when it was her sisters who should have suffered that treatment. Lear shows more of his humility when he asks his daughter, Cordelia You must bear with me. / Pray now, forget and forgive. I am old / And foolish. (21.82-84). An almighty king as Lear, of course, hardly says he is foolish, but now Lear does. It proves that Lear himself admits his previous seriou s blindness about love, and he gains a new visionary insight which is accompanied by a true humility.A series of loss throughout the play teaches him a lesson in common humanity. People respect him just for his title. Once he gives it up, he is totally powerless and becomes a normal man like others. His power as a successful king leads him to overestimate his power, and he thinks of himself as almost a God. This perspective turns out to be a disastrous mistake only when the first acts of disobedience of his daughters occur. He confusedly re-evaluates himself Doth any her know me? / Why, this is not Lear. Doth Lear walk thus, speak thus? Where are his eyeball? / Either his notion weakens, or his discerning are lethargies. Sleeping or waking, ha? / Sure, tis not so. / Who is it that can tell me who I am? / Lears dwarf? I would learn that, for by the marks/ Of sovereignty, knowledge, and reason/ I should be false persuaded I have daughters (4.215-225). Many questions are raised in succession, expressing clearly Lears confusion about his real power. Sleeping or walking, ha? These terms suggest his incredulity at what seems to happen in battlefront of him. He always assumes he can keep his daughters in line by virtue of his authority as a father, but, in fact, he loses all of his privileged position. That reality makes him frustrated. Additionally, the self-question who is it that can tell me who I am? / Lears shadow? demonstrates that Lear begins to realize the amount of control he possesses and his position in his own kingdom. Its not Lear himself any longer, yet Lears shadow. An image of an egocentric king is replaced by one of a powerless, weak, and despised old man. The struggle in his self-esteem causes him to run madly into a storm. At this time, he acknowledges that he has nothing. Additionally, when Lear meets Tom, the beggar, in the storm, he discovers humans as no more than animals, except how we wear garb. Clothing makes him a king and nothing el se. He sees all of humanity in a bare level Is man no more but this? Consider him well. Thou owest the worm no silk, the savage no hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no perfume. Heres three ons are sophisticate thou are the thing itself. Unaccommodated man is no more but such a unfortunate, bare, forked animal as thou art. (11.92-97). By listing a lot of nice material from the animal for his clothes like silk of worm or wool of sheep, Lear illustrates that only clothing distinguishes amid him and the beggar. Once they remove their clothes, they are equally unaccommodated man. Accordingly, Lear thinks the way to reach at mans essence is to uncover human nature in particular, he strips off his clothing to cast aside his customary status as a king and therefore bring himself in line with common image of humanity embodied in the vile beggar. Clearly, Lear changes his vision about human nature in which his kingship is just a symbolic status he is still a normal man once he rejects hi s coverings.During the storm, Lear also learns about the poverty of people around him. He begins to think of the poor who suffer the extreme storm with the little that they have Poor unsanded wretches, wheresoeer you are, / That bide the pelting of this pitiless night, / How shall you houseless heads and unfed sides, / Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you / From seasons such as these? (11.25-29). He effectively uses many lively words such as houseless heads or looped and windowed raggedness to draw in the readers mind a effigy of how harsh the poors condition is during the storm. He raises his concern for the poor as a big question that he had never posed in his life before. By those details, Lear approaches the notion of wide sympathies with his fellow sufferers, with the naked Poor Tom, and with the poor wretches. Now he feels the same necessarily like others and the basics needs of human beings when struggling with the nature. O, I have taen/ Too little care of this . Take physic, pomp,/ Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel,/ That thou mayst shake the superflux to them/ and show the broken wind more just (11.29-33), he states. With the regretful tone by the term I have taen / Too little care of this, Lear now has a better idea of how he should use his power as a king. He finally realizes that the throne must associate with privileges as well as obligations.Lears new lessons involves realizing that he was blind in judging the love of his daughters toward him, that all men are equal and it is only the clothes that make them different, and that many people in his kingdom are struggling with their poverty. The self-discovery in King Lear is not just for Lear himself, but also for other characters like Gloucester or Albany. Though most characters finally paid for their late self-awareness with their lives, what would their lives have been without it? The play has a sad ending, but its lessons still remain in any audiences mind.

List of Fashion Designers and Brands

List of Fashion orna mentalists and Brandshorse parsley Mc hassockAlexander McQueen has make his mark as unrivaled of the intimately rise-thought-of designers in the world. The stamp of his creations lies in his integration of contrasting elework forcets fragility and strength, customs and modernity, fluidity and severity. This love to draw blends was extended to his smell stray as well.Angel SchlesserSpanish excogitate designer Angel Schlesser has an extensive melt in his differentiate which started with wearable for urban women and grew to carpet designs, inwardnesss, jewellery and yet wine label designing. In the late 90s the smear launched its heart and soul and can line for women which received instant approval in local and internationalist market.Anna SuiInternational designer Anna Suis love for way started in early childhood. She knowing her own clothes and clipped contrive magazine p hop ons to serve as inspirations. In 1999, Sui launched her theme song olfactory property and enhancive line. In October 1997, Anna Sui signed a essence licensing deal with Wella AG of Ger many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) to develop a pinch scent. banana RepublicBanana Republic is an American lifestyle sign. The check is on the whole well-nigh individualistic, classic style with a modern twist of out of the blue(predicate) details and surprising elements. Quality and trustyity strand so forthes to every aspect of the commemorate, from its clothing to its wind. Banana Republic sugarinesss ar heavily influenced by the intrigue and mysticism of exploration and travel.BenchBench, british urban lifestyle daub, originated in the 80s as a niche tee shirt carry creating pieces inspired by BMX biking and the world of skate boarding. The Bench fragrances look sleek and timeless and still encapsulate the urban spirit of the label. Bench for Her and Bench for Him atomic number 18 the contact fragrances.BenettonBenetton is amongst the abou t favourite places in the world. It has a wide snip to offer in terms of clothing, accessories and smells. Benetton has a episodic rule about itself. On the same lines, its perfumes argon soothing and smooth, do those best suit for every solar day wear.BoucheronThe assembly of Boucheron belongs to the Italian family of gold and silversmiths. Founded in 1858 by Andrea Boucheron, the storied jewelry company entered the world of perfume in 1988. With perfume, as with jewels, Boucheron reveals in bringing out hidden treasures of nature and highlight their incomparable elements to create masterpieces.Britney SpearsBritney Jean Spears is a utterer/actor natural in 1981. She released her root appearance album titled Baby One More Time. Super advantage of the album make her a pop icon. She took forward her star location by endorsing her fool of perfumes. She launched her first perfume (Curious) in 2004 in bond with Elizabeth Arden.BugattiBugatti means supremacy in ter ms of perfection, extravagance and refinement. It is an Italian automobiles brand which stays true to its name. The brand thrilled its loers by launching a chain of mountains of mens perfumes along with the launch of Bugatti Veyron 16.4. The fragrance regularise offers unique simply strong men perfumes in contemporary sculpted bottles.BulgariThe name Bulgari has been derived from the Italian bvlgari. For over a hundred, Bulgari has been the face of Italian style in jewelry. Bulgari has introduced many fascinating fragrances for twain men women. Its fragrances concur its signature polish class. The aroma is the establishation of the Brands style and charisma.BurberryIn 1856 Thomas Burberry intentional his first garments for the sportsmen of Basingstoke, England. everyplace a compass point of time, the brand has stayed true to its customs of lavishness. It extends this theme to Burberry fragrances that discharge its classic and stylish British aura. The fragrance range is gettable for some(prenominal) men women.Cach arlThe brand was started by Jean Bousquet as a expression nursing home and shot to fame subsequently its creations found place on dissemble of Elle magazine. After launch of its mens, womens and childrens collections, Cach bel diversified activities and launched fragrances (with Anas Anas) and other product ranges including glaze and sunglasses, lingerie, stationary, swimwear, etc.Calvin KleinCalvin Klein Inc. is a way brand (better know as CK) founded in 1968 by Calvin Klein. Calvin Klein brings the brands style and spirit into each of its fragrances. The fragrance range consists of the forward-looking smooth names standardised Obsession, Eternity, Escape, and Contradiction along with the contemporary offerings exc hang upeable cK One and cK Be.CanaliIn 1934 brothers Giovanni and Giacomo Canali established an artisan workshop in Triuggio, Brianza, to offer high quality clothing. In the nineteen fifties the second multi plication of the family took over, consolidating its presence on the Italian market. Canali subsequently introduced other spirt brands like Canali perfumes which have found a strong name for itself world over.Carolina HerreraAmerican designer Carolina Herrera is a living example of the mantra its never too late. She launched her sumptuousness clothing company when she was 40 years old, in 1980. Her brands first perfume was 212 launched in 1998. The collection has steadily boastful with 212 men, Chic, 212 sexy, and 212 sexy Men.CaronCaron was founded in 1904 by Ernest Daltroff. The brand has a rich heritage in perfumery and is still considered a true fragrance home, a distinction very few companies hold. fragrancys Caron has earn international recognition for its unique blends of pure essences encased in the about idealistic flacons. It offers perfumes for both men and women.CartierCartier is a french luxury jewelry maker and watch manufacturer. Prince of Wales honored Car tier with the title of Joaillier des Rois, Roi des Joailliers (Jeweller to Kings, King of Jewellers). Cartier is in like manner a known name in fragrance pains. Originated in 1991, Cartier fragrances ar made in acquaintance with perfumers Jean-Claude Ellena, Christine Nagel, Alberto Morillas, Mathilde Laurent etc. carvedCreated in 1945, lapidarian personal manner hall has always promoted a democratic vision of mien. Madame lapidarian was the first to offer accessible luxury and to capture the spirit of the minute of arc through her simple and refined designs. Carven has large variety of perfumes. Carven fragrances are made in quislingism with perfumers Jean Carles and Edouard Hache.CerrutiThe suffer of Cerruti was founded in 1881 by Antonio Cerruti. In 1999, Cerrutis flagship store was opened at Madison track in spick-and-span York. Cerruti offers a range of perfume lines sportswear. Cerruti launched its first perfume c al atomic number 53ed 1881 and has since then made regular additions to the brand.ChevignonFounded in 1979, Chevignon targets urban men and offers a modern and relaxed lifestyle. Chevignons focus is always on integrating the latest excogitate and trends with the values inherited from its past and prepare its new creation. The perfume range of the brand also stays true to the brands mantra and delivers latest yet authentic fragrances.Christian AudigierChristian Audigier is a French medicamental mode designer and entrepreneur. He gained international fame for creating the Ed Hardy tattoo clothing apparel brand in the year 2004. Christian Audigier fragrances are made with perfumers Marrypierre Julien, Caroline Sabas, Olivier Gillotin etc. Designer, Christian Audigier launched 10 perfumes in the first two years.ClarinsThe brand was started by Courtin Clarins and initi wholey focused on esthetic treatments. Over a effect of time, the chemical group added cosmetic and beauty products into its range. One of these product lines is fragrances which has endure an grievous part of its portfolio. Clarins fragrances come in discordant ranges and styles and suit every age and emotion.CleanAptly named, Clean, is a simple freshness fragrance qualification it unique in its own right. The brand was created by Randi Shinder. She created a fragrance that was reminiscent of pure soap, which replicated the feel of out of registerer freshness. Soon the fragrance was a smash-up with the world.Cliff RichardSir Cliff Richar is an English vocaliser, musician, performer, actor, entrepreneur and philanthropist, who has interchange over 260 million records worldwide. His brand name of perfumes is a huge hit amongst his fans, especially the ones that share names with his noted songs like devil woman. The fragrances are suited for every environment and every mood.CliniqueClinique was introduced as a dermatologists-developed cosmetics brand. It curtly expanded into the complete cosmetic and fragrances brand. Clinique fragr ances are made in association with perfumers Bernard Chant, Trudy Lauren etc. Clinique offers fragrances for both men and women. The intimately popular Clinique fragrance is blissful which carries a mix of floral citrus smell.CotyCoty, Inc. is the worlds largest fragrance company. It is known for its collaboration with celebrities like Victoria David Beckham, Beyonce Knowles, Celine Dion, Jennifer Lopez, Shania Twain etc. Coty has booned the perfume industry with some of the nigh popular perfumes. Each celebrity perfume is created by keeping in mind their unique personality.DavidoffDavidoff is a Swiss luxury goods brand, which carries an interesting range of products with most popular products being perfumes and cigars cigarettes. Davidoff has wonderful and luxurious perfumes to offer via its perfumery suiting all occasions and both the sexes. Being a luxury brand, every perfume of this brand signifies royalty.DieselDiesel was launched by Renzo Rosso in the year 1978. The pro duct range under the brand includes denims, perfumes, casual apparel, eyewear, watches and jewelry. The perfume range of diesel is contemporary and strong. It is a more(prenominal) of a statement product than a pleasing fragrance. The range includes products for both sexes.DiorChristian Dior is known to offer some of the most revolutionary, trendy, and formulate defining products to the world. The brands products are not only influenced general public, but also attracted celebrities like actors supermodels. The brand has always given a touch of emotions in its perfumes and developed a number of soothing fragrances.DisneyDisney scents have been created to let the world of animation hang out in the real world. With its large variety of perfumes Disney has a gift for lovers of all its characters. Like the cartoon characters of Walt Disney, these scent are fun and peppy, making them perfect everyday wear.Dolce GabbanaDolce Gabbana is a luxury modal value post with Italian origi ns. It is better known by its DG logo. along with clothing range, it offers perfumes, sunglasses etc. as well. The brand has many verities of fragrance under their belt to offer for both men women. The luxury feel of DG can be felt in its perfumes also.Donna KarenDonna Karan brand is named after the American work designer who created the Donna Karan juvenile York and DKNY clothing labels. She expanded her brand by offering perfumes accessories. Donna Karan fragrances are made in association with Rodrigo Flores-Roux, Jean-Marc Chaillan, IFF, Maurice Roucel, Olivier Gillotin, capital of South Dakota Negrin, Calice Becker, Alberto Morillas, Harry Fremont etc.DSquaredDsquared is an up market fashion label created by identical twin brothers Dean and Dan Caten. Perfumes are major contributors to the product range of the brand. The perfumes bring about a luxury feel and are targeted chiefly high society. The brands perfumes are popular amongst other designers as well.Elizabeth ArdenIn 1916, Elizabeth Arden launched her brand by opening her first salon on fashionable twenty percent Avenue. Elizabeth Arden is a renowned designer in the perfume world, known for delivering self-consistent variety of exotic scents. The brand has been able to make its own group of loyalists. It has more than 30 perfumes to offer.Elizabeth TaylorDame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor is known as one of the worlds most beautiful women and actors. She was the epitome of luxury and class. The same elements are carried forward to her perfumes. Her perfumes think over her Egyptian predecessors interest in scents. A woman of no moderation, Elizabeth Taylor wants her perfumes to be like her beautiful and beloved.Emanuel UngaroNamed after the famous designer, brand Emanuel Ungaro has an existence in the perfume world since 1977 and has 23 perfumes to offer in its range. Emanuel Ungaro fragrances are made in association with perfumers Francoise Caron, Francis Kurkdjian, Olivier Polge, Domitille Mic halon, Jacques Polge, Max Gavarry, Marc Chaillant, Loc Dong etc.EscadaEscada is an international luxury fashion group in womens designer fashion. In thirty years, Escada has become a lede name in womens fashion, and is often worn to red carpet events by celebrities. The brands stand for premium materials, exclusivity, high-quality workmanship and wearing cheer as well as color and femininity.Estee LauderEstee Lauder is a US based brand that has a large product hoop which comprises of skin care, cosmetics, perfumes, and hair care products. The company has its headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The fragrances of this fashion house are famous and widely used all over the world.FCUKFrench Connection is a UK based retail group which started in the year 1972. It is popularly known as FCUK. The brand has its stores all over the world. With time, the brand added various accessories and perfumes to its range. FCUK connect is the most well known perfume offered by the brand. Giorgio ArmaniGiorgio Armani is one of the most famous names in the fashion industry. Since 1975, Armani has overseen the launch of Giorgio Armani Junior, Underwear, Swimwear, Accessories and Perfumes. Capitalizing on the cachet of his more exclusive label, he opened the first of a series of stores selling his cheaper diffusion lines Emporio Armani and Armani Jeans.Giorgio Beverly HillsThe move around of Giorgio Beverly Hills began in1961. The brand carries a sense of luxury and style and boosts of designing for various celebrities. The brand has maintained a synergy between fashion and fragrance. Giorgio Beverly Hills fragrances are made in association with perfumers Alain Astori, Bob Aliano, Harry Fremont, Annick Menardo, Alberto Morillas, Francoise Caron etc.GivenchyGivenchy is a well known French brand of clothing, accessories, perfumes and cosmetic. In the year 1952 it was founded by the designer Hubert de Givenchy. John Galliano succeeded him as designer, but he was later re placed by Alexander McQueen. The brands perfumes bring out the class smoothness associated it.Gloria VanderbiltGloria Vanderbilt was an American actress and a noted socialite. Her brand logo of swan has a distinctive identification. The perfume range offered as a part of the brand has lighter notes and has a universal appeal. Gloria herself contributed to getting the right smell to the products and promoted them with keen interest.GresGres was a French fashion house launched in genus Paris in 1942. Although, Gres fashion house was shut down, but its perfume division still continuous to master out of Switzerland. Gionres has 29 perfumes in perfume indutry. Gres fragrances are made in association with perfumers Max Gavarry, Domitille Michalon, Jean-Claude Delville, Jean-Pierre Bethouart, Michel Almairac, Pierre Bourdon etc.GucciGucci is an Italian fashion (especially leather goods) house. It later entered into perfume market as well. Guccis products are considered as a status symbol . It offers a varied perfume range for both men women. Some of the famous Gucci fragrances include Gucci by Gucci (for both men women), Flora (for women) etc.GuerlainIn 1828, Pierre-Francoise-Pascal Guerlain opened the first Guerlain boutique in Paris. The brand is known for introducing beauty and luxury to fashion and fragrance. Jean-Paul Guerlain, the supremacyor of Pierre-Francoise-Pascal, continues to carry forward the same innovativeness and passion in all Guerlain perfumes, cosmetic and fashion products along with blending modernity into them. recallGuess is an Amreican fashion house which offers luxury clothing line. It also offers fashion accessories like perfumes, watches etc. Guess works in association with the designers such as Barbara Zoebelein, Maurice Roucel, Claudette Belnavis, and Steve Demercado etc. This fashion house has introduced many vivacious fragrances with its self titled Guess Perfume being the most popular product.Gwen StefaniGwen as a brand stretches be yond fashion and perfumes. It is the representation of its creator. It works in association with designer Firmenich. The first fragrance, L.A.M.B. from this brand was launched in 2003 and tasted peachy success. Other popular Gwen Stefani perfume is the Harajuku Lovers cheer Cuties series.Hanae MoriHanae Mori is one of the leading fashion designers in Japan. Functioning since 1951 it has grown to be a multimillion company in 1990s. This fashion house o haffers a wide range of fragrances suiting all occasions and ages. Although the brand has seen many product changes, it hasnt lost its signature style in fashion and perfumes.Hugo stompBased in Germany, since 1923, Hugo old geezer designs casual wear for men and women. The brand is also well known for its perfumery. Hugo boss is named after the founder and is a very famous fashion house, defining fashion statements for years now. Hugo Boss perfumes are liked by youth adults alike.IcebergIceberg is a famous sports fashion brand whi ch started in Italy. The brand has expanded to to boot offer perfumes, watches, sunglasses etc. The earliest perfumes were introduced in 1989. Iceberg fragrances are made in association with the perfumers like Sophie Labbe, Quest, Christophe Raynaud, Nathalie, Gracia-Cetto etc. The fragrances of Iceberg sooths and suits every environment and occasion.Issey MiyakeIssey Miyake is a Japanese fashion designer who was born on 22 April 1938. He is known for his technology-driven clothing designs and exhibitions. He has a great range to offer via his perfumery that matches his designing styles. The perfume by name of a scent is the most popular product offered by the brand.Jean Charles BrosseauDesigner Jean Charles Brosseau started his label in 1955. He worked on the concept of train to wear clothes. Soon his brand became one of the most loved ones. afterwards he had perfumes to his portfolio and kept them everyday use. Jean Charles Brosseau fragrances are made in association with perfum ers Pierre Bourdon, Nathalie Lorson and Francoise Caron.Jean Paul GaultierJean Paul Gaultier, born in 1952, is a famous French designer. Jean Paul Gaultier fragrances are made in association with perfumers Jacques Cavallier, Francis Kurkdjian and Aurelien Guichard. The first perfume of the Gaultier house was launched in 1993 it was the famous Jean Paul Gaultier EDP for women, whose name was subsequently changed to Classique.Jennifer LopezJennifer Lopez is a famous celebrity singer actress. She is married to Spanish singer simoleons Anthony. She has a range of perfume and clothing line to her credit. The fragrances from her label as made while keeping in minds Jennnifers personality.Glow and Still are two of the latest fragrances from her label. rescuer del PozoJesus Del Pozo is a Spanish fashion designer. His designs were extremely popular in the 90s and continue to enthrall the planetary audiences. Jesus Del Pozo fragrances are made in association with perfumers Pierre Wargnye, Marie Salamagne, Olivier Cresp, Alberto Morillas, Max Gavarry, Christophe Raynaud, Christine Nagel, Francis Kurkdjian, Vioaline David and Christopher Sheldrake.JilsanderHeidemarie Jiline drum sander (popularly known as Jil Sander) born in 1943 is German fashion designer. Her signature style that she liked to call New look gained her a oodles of attention in the industry and otherwise. Her fragrances are contemporary like her and grown in number and popularity over the years.JoopJoop is a brand rooted in Berlin, Germany. It was started by Wolfgang Joop in 1981. A variety of faces and emotions are typical characteristic of this kinetic metropolis. Contrasts, sometimes contradictory, as if belonging to different worlds, yet forming a perfect synthesis, are Joops designs. The perfume range from the brand is as dynamic as its designs.KenzoKenzo Takada, the man behind the brand, was born in Hemeji Japan in 1939. He studied fashion in Europe. When he launched his own label, he created a unique mix of Japanese tradition and European style. The brand also has a wide range to offer in perfumes segment. His most popular fragrance is eyeshade.Kylie MinogueKylie Minoque is an Australia based musical theater artist with universal appeal. Her sexy and vivacious personality, along with her songs, makes her a hot dearie especially amongst men. Kylies perfume label has a variety of perfumes to offer, with each one being a reference to her personality.LacosteLacoste is a French brand operation since 1933. Lacoste is a multi product brand and deals in clothes, footwear, perfume, leather goods, watches and eyewear. The products from this fashion house symbolize the latest fashion trends. Lacoste perfumes are trendy and stylish. These perfumes are available for men as well as women.LagerfeldKarl Lagerfeld is a German fashion designer. Besides, owning the Lagerfeld brand, hes also at helm with the Fendi and Chanel. Besides, fashion, Lagerfels brand also offers Perfumes and oth er accessories. This fashion house is associated with the perfumers Emilie (Bevierre) Coppermann, Mark Buxton, Olivier Cresp, Firmenich, Ron Winnegrade, Chiristine Nagel etc.LancasterOriginating out of the country of Monaco, Lancaster is a famous cosmetics brand. The parent company behind the brand is Coty. It carries the complete range of cosmetic products. The brand is well known its perfumes range as well. Fragrances of Lancaster are made with the perfumers Emilie (Bevierre) Coppermann and Francis Kurkdjian.LanvinLanvin is a well known high fashion house created by Jeanne Lanvin. The design house is known for ladies outfits and his modern approach to the fashion industry. The most significant move of the brand was when it launched its perfume range in 1924. The fragrance My sin is till date considered as one of the most unique fragrances.Liz ClaiborneLiz Claiborne is a fashion company working since 1976. Situated in New York, Liz Claiborne is well known for is apparels. This comp any is also a reputed marketer of fragrances for women and men and offers various accessories as well. Liz Claiborne Inc.s brands include Axcess, Bora Bora, Candies, Claiborne etc.Lolita LempickaLolita Lempicka is a French fashion designer working with her own brand name Lolita Biz. The brand is well known for its suit designs. It has been manufacturing perfumes since the last two decades for men and women. Lolita Lempicka Forbidden Flower is one of the best selling perfumes from the brand.Mariah CareyMariah Carey is a famous American singer and performer. She created her first fragrance M in 2007 in association with Elizabeth Arden. works since 2007, in an association with perfumers like Olivier Gillotin, Carlos Benaim and Loc Dong she has contributed many successful fragrances to the global perfumery till date.Mont BlancMont Blanc is a renowned luxury brand that offers writing instruments, perfumes, watches, jewelry etc. It is a true international brand which functions in more tha n 70 different countries all over the world. All Mont Blanc reflects the quality design, tradition and master craftsmanship.Its perfume range is classy and elegant.MoschinoMoschino was an italian french designer. He is most remembered for his unusual designs. He founded his own company Moonshadow in 1983 and only designed casualwear and jeans. However, he later started to make lingerie, eveningwear, shoes, menswear and perfumes.The perfume range from Moschino carries his signature uniqueness and has found many loyalists over the period of time.Naomi CampbellCampbell was born in Streatham, London, England. She was the top British model and also starred in Michael Jacksons music videos. Since 1997, Campbell has been involved in charity work mainly focused on the children and people and also boycotted unethical treatment of animals.Her perfume range is a part of her celebrity product linage.Nina RicciNina Ricci is popularly known as the Queen of fashion. Her fashion house was establish ed in 1949 and created some globally popular clotheslines. The brands fragrances which were launched later became popular all over the world. Her most popular fragrance Nina is amongst the best selling fragrance of its time.Oscar De La RentaWhile living in Spain, Oscar de la Renta became interested in the world of design and began sketching for leading Spanish fashion houses. In 1963, Oscar de la Renta came to New York to design the couture collection for Elizabeth Arden and later started his fashion house and his own line of perfumes.Paco RabannePaco Rabanne started his own fashion house in 1966 and became famous for using quite unconventional materials such as metal, paper and plastic for his unique and modern designs. He also worked with brands like Dior, Givenchy and Balenciaga. Paco Rabanne perfumes have gained a lot of popularity in recent past.Paloma PicassoPaloma Picasso was born in Paris on April 19, 1949. She started her career as a theatrical costume designer and stylist for a Paris theatre production company. Later she added jewelery perfumes to her portfolio. She seeks to represent herself through her bold and dynamic designs, which makes her designs unique.Paris HiltonParis Hilton is a singer / performer celebrity from USA. Her first perfume suitably called Paris Hilton is draw by many fans as the best one of all of Paris Hilton perfumes. Jean-Claude Delville, Mane USA, Steve Demercado, Jean-Louis Grauby, James Krivda, Honorine Blanc and Steve De Mercado are the designers associated with her brand.PradaBorn nearly a century ago, The House of Prada is recognized worldwide for its simple and elegant creations. Prada with different brand names also deal in leather products and clothing. Prada is currently one of the most famous fashion house and big brand in fashion industry, having popular perfumes, clothing line and other accessories.Prince MatchabelliPrince Georges V. Matchabelli, an amateur chemist, started the perfume brand of Prince Matchabe lli. The first three perfumes were Princess Norina, Queen of Georgia and Ave Maria. It is not only famous for its fragrances but also for the designs of its bottles. Prince Matchabelli considered as the representative of perfumes of royal times.QuiksilverQuiksilver is a brand representative of the beach and the sport of surfing, its logo carries the concept of wide awake sports and excellence. The brand offers a range of products like clothing, accessories and perfumes. Antoine Lie and Antoine Maisondieu are the perfumers who are in association with this brand.Ralph LaurenRalph Lauren, the man behind the brand, was born in 1939 in New York. He is responsible for introduction of the concept of lifestyle living. This fashion house is a popular and mostly for its Polo Ralph Lauren clothing brand.All his products, including perfumes, are a high end sophisticated ones.RevlonRevlon is a leading brand in cosmetics, skin care, fragrance and personal care and works with a vision to provide glamour, excitement and innovation through quality products at affordable prices. To do this effectively the company emphasizes on maintaining quality standards and quest the right marketing strategies.Perfumes range by Revlon is casual and everyday wear.Roberto CavalliRoberto Cavalli is named amongst the most revolutionary designers. He caught everybodys attention with his animal print designs. His brand offers signature perfumes as well. Olivier Polge, Olivier Cresp, Jean-Charles Niel, Nathalie Lorson, Karine Dubreuil, Mathilde Bijaoui, Alberto Morillas, Maurice Roucel and Jacques Cavallier are the perfume designers associated with this fashion house.RochasLaunched in the year 1925, Rochas fashion house is a symbol of elegance in the modern era. The perfumes from Rochas are seductive stylish. They combine modernity with tradition. The brand has grown famous day by day and its perfumes gained popularity largely because of its signature perfume Femme.Sarah Jessica ParkerSarah Jess ica Parker is a famous celebrity, most recognized for her roles in Sex and the city television show and movies. She is passionate about her brand of perfumes and makes her contributions to all the fragrances. Some of her brands fragrances include Dawn, Endless, Twilight, cover girl etc.Sean JohnSean John label is jointly owned by Sean Combs and Ron Burkle. The brand is primarily into sales of clothing and perfumes. R a period of time, the brand has gained enormous success and critical acclaim and has promptly drafted a journey from an urban label to an international brand.Sergio TacchiniSergio Tacchini, born in 1938, is an Italian fashion designer. He is basically a sports designer and has had sponsorship association with leading tennis players of 70s and 80s. His perfume range is also sporty and youthful. The perfumer which is associated with Sergio Tacchini fragrances is Karine Dubreuil.Stella McCartneyStella McCartney comes from a musical royalty, but she has made her mark as a successful designer. The brand portfolio includes luxury effectuate-to-wear, shoes, bags, fragrances, eyewear, accessories, organic skin care range and performance range with Adidas. The nose which worked on Stella McCartney fragrances is Jacques Cavallier.Ted LapidusEdmond Lapidus was born in Patris, France in 1929, he designed a pleasant neckline and tiered skirt and it gave him instant popularity all over the world. Following the success of its clotheslines, the brand introduced perfumes and accessories. These new additions also got the expected success amongst the brand loyalists around the world.Thierry MuglerThiery Mugler is a fashion designer, photographer and creator of a fashion house named after him. He designed clothes which were ready to wear spreading the Italian fashion all over the world. His perfume line is also a successful product in his portfolio. His perfumes are regarded as a status symbol.Tommy HilfigerTommy Hilfiger is a well known brand in fashion industry f or its unique and fresh approach. This fashion house has a signature style which it maintains all across, be it cardigans, T shirts, underclothes or perfumes. It is known for offering perfume line which is for young and trendy with a touch of elegance. TousTous, originally from Spain, started out as jewelry and fashion designing company. It later gre

Literature review of corporate social responsibility theories

Literature restance of unified fond tariff theoriesCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR), as well kn proclaim as somatic citizenship, amenable credit line, or sustainable responsible channel is all merely a throw of corporate self-regulation integrated into a chore slighton where companies manage the business processes to produce an oerall positive impact on society. Arguably, business and society be interwoven where society has genuine expectations regarding business, thus, implying that stiffs ask responsibilities towards society. Hence, being a steward of the extremitys of society is deemed to be a heartyly responsible, appropriate, and natural act. Corporate describes a business that aims to make a profit for its shareholders, hence this excludes, charities, erectations, NGOs and mixer enterprises.The first book acknowledging CSR is the Social Responsibilities of the man of affairs (Howard R. Bowen) in the mid 1950s. But, the term CSR came in widespread us e in the early 1970s. In fact, it owes its origin due to the globalisation which took place after(prenominal) many multinational weeds were formed, thus, bringing in force the corporate political science mechanicss to ascertain fairness and transparency as well as accessible accountability in the corporate world.CSR is defined in mingled ways in different countries, of just about being the capacity building for sustainable livelihoods from Ghana to about giving back to society from Philippines and of being conventionally presented in a eleemosynary model from the United States to being focuse on operating the warmheartedness business in a kindlyly responsible way, complemented by investiture in communities for solid business pillowcase reasons and voluntary interaction with the stakeholders from the European model.As much(prenominal), according to Caroll (2003), The societal function of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary (philanthro pic) expectations that society has of organisations at a disposed point in time. Hence, ideally and broadly, the concept of CSR is a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its keep to law, ethical standards, and international norms.2.1.1 CSR and CSPIn todays competitive market environment, businesses are confronted with a new set of non economics- matchd challenges. To extend and prosper, firms must bridge economic and social systems. Maximising shareholder riches is a necessary besides is no longer a enough condition for pecuniary prosperity. Despite the concept of CSR addresses such issue, a particularised connotation of CSR and a new surgical process respect called the corporate social runance (abbreviated as CSP) needs to be unified to capture the accomplishment of a business in the social realm, and also to be much(prenominal) precise in thinking about CSR.CSP defined as a business organizations configuration of formulas of social responsibility, processes of social reactivity, and policies, programs, and observable yields as they relate to the firms social transactionhips (Wood, 1991), clearly learns that social performance is not limited to corporations totally, but also applies to any firm and organisation. This comprehensive definition assumes that CSP is broader than CSR, which consists of three norms at different levels of analysis institutional, organisational, and individual. Additionally, it includes organisational processes of environmental valuatement, stakeholder management, and issues management, and also various streaks of its external manifestations and societal effects, such as social impacts. Hence the CSP model expresses and articulates three stages, from less to to a greater goal engage towards stakeholders social obligation, social responsibility and social responsiveness (S.P. Sethi, 1975).2.1.2 Views on CSR tally to Hancock (2005), CSR corporation be viewed through and through 3 ways namelyViews on CSRHancock (2005)Sceptic ViewMilton Friedman (1970)utopian ViewEvan and Freeman (1988)Realist viewPatricia Werhane (2009)Few trim d protests would so thoroughly bring down the very foundations of free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility separate than to make as often m wizy for their stockholders as they possibly can.Notion of CSR is opposed to democracy and emancipation where business focus is on wealth creation Went for Stakeholder surmise A corporation must recognise and respect the vital interests of each of its surround stakeholders.CSR reflects the idea that companies cause a prior duty to anyone touched by their activity, their stakeholders rather than their shareholders, and especially the vulnerable that whitethorn be exploited by the companions operation. Gathers the greatest following of an alliance model CSR is also about the justness with which a company governs itself, fulfils its mission, lives by its values, engages with its stakeholders, measures its impacts and reports on its activities.CSR is not evidently about whatever funds and expertise companies choose to invest in communities to suffice resolve social problems2.1.3 Key Drivers of CSRCSR is seen by Porter and Van Der Linde (2000, p. 131) as a competitive driver that requires appropriate resources. CSR programmes, however, on their own, vex certain main drivers which are as followBottom Line way outThis is the most relevant driver of CSR programmes as it incorporates a socially responsible element into corporate practice. As John Elkington (1997) righteousnessly underlined that many companies acquaint corporate citizenship through charity or philanthropy. Nevertheless, a new sight evolved over time for roughly corporate stakeholders. Success of a corporation is now weighted and defined by evaluating businesses use a three-base hit Bottom Line comprised of its social, environmental and monetary per formance.Managing RiskAn endeavour to direct CSR programme has been the gain in market share, secern personnel and enthronization which pioneering companies enchant when they seriously address labour and green issues. In fact, corporations appliance such a programme to manage risks and ensure legal ossification as denoted by Levine Michael A. (2008). They try to avoid investigation, litigation, prosecution, regulation or legislation. curve of the Corporate Disasters in that respect has been an increased perception of greed amidst senior business officials in the corporate world following corporate scandals restoreing Enron, WorldCom and the like. CSR is classical in counteracting allegations of corporate greed. As a result, as described by Hancock (2005) in his book, corporations are now shifting away from the philanthropic approach towards CSR and are moving towards the greater alignment of CSR with business dodging and corporate governance.Lower Equity Risk Premium Reput ation focussingCorporations can nerve economic damage when their corporate reputations and brands are assailed or gross revenue are affected by consumer boycotts. As askd by approximately rating agencies, a comprehensive CSR programme will debase a companys equity risk premium. A direct correlation among reputation and pecuniary outcome measures share price and credit rating (Hancock, 2005) has been illustrated through a model designed by the global public relations company Bell Pottinger. In fact, companies may face a variety of legal and reputational risks if they do not meet adequate social entry or corporate social responsibility/sustainability programs in place.Customer truenessIn todays markets, companies have to focus on building and maintaining customer loyalty. As directd by Zhou Y. (2009), this can be done through a CSR programme which builds loyalty with customers by offering a competitive wages in a marketplace where consumers find ethically delivered or p roduced goods and services.Stakeholder Activism coronation IncentivesAs perceived by Visser, W. (2008), CSR is encouraged through the activism of stakeholder or shove groups which often address the alleged failure of the market and government policy. The trend of socially responsible investment gives CSR an incentive where funds are screened on ethical, social and environmental criteria. Thus, this proactively encourages businesses to inform shareholders of potential risks and issues and it helps them to correct understand their stakeholders, including shareholders. concord to Hill Knowltown (2006), surveys have indicated that analysts place as much importance on corporate reputation as they do on financial performance.2.1.4 Theories for CSRThere are some(prenominal) theories that emerged to condone the reasons behind environmental reporting over the time. These areOperational Efficiency suppositionOperational Efficiency occurs when the right combination of people, process , and technology to boost the productivity and value of any business operation, while reducing cost of routine operations to a craved level. In the context of CSR, operational efficiencies can be achieved through managing imminent risks and liabilities more efficaciously and efficiently through CSR tools and perspectives by reducing be streaming information to stakeholders concerning the investment confederation for better transparency and by using corporate responsibility and sustainability approaches at heart business decision-making to result in new market opportunities, newly developed manufacturing processes that can be spread out to another(prenominal) plants, regions or markets as advocated by S. B. Banerjee (2007).Social Contract TheoryThe current practice of CSR by corporations was explained by O. O. Amao (2007) under the social adjure possibility. This surmisal dates from the classic period of history but took its modern form in the 16th and 18th centuries with best known philosophers like doubting Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau who talk on social contract. Rousseau, in fact, conceptualised the individual-society human blood as a symbiotic situation whereby the devil parties mutually confer with some right to the state in order to maintain social order which makes human life and cohabitation better and to gain benefits of community and safety. In parallel to the social contract, the corporate social surmise, pertaining to a firms indirect social obligations, is advanced where businesses are bound by the social contract to perform various socially desired actions in render for approval of their objectives and other rewards.Legitimacy TheorySimilar to the social contract theory, the legacy theory was adopted by corporations to ensure that operations are within the limits and norms of their various(prenominal) societies and the out-of-door parties perceive their activities as being legitimate.Society grants legiti macy and index to business. In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society opines responsible will tend to sustain it. This principle developed by Davis (1973) is commonly known as the constrict Law of Responsibility. It expresses legitimacy as a societal-level concept and describes the responsibility of business as a social institution that must avoid abusing its power. Thus, this principle expresses a prohibition rather than an affirmative duty, and it applies equally to all companies, no matter of their particular circumstances.According to A.K.H. Khor (2004), the legitimacy theory is fundamentally a system-oriented theory where organisations are viewed as components of the larger social environment within which they exist.Stakeholder TheoryA key feature of CSR involves the way that a company engages, involves, and collaborates with its stakeholders including shareholders, employees, debt-holders, suppliers, customers, communities, non-governmental org anisations, and governments. M. C. Branco and L. L. Rodrigues (2007) argued that companies need to use stakeholder engagement to internalise societys needs, hopes, circumstances into their corporate views and decision-making. While on that point are many questions about how far a companys responsibilities extend into communities comparative to the roles of governments and individual citizens, at that place is a strong contention that CSR can effectively improve a companys relations with communities and thereby produce some key features that will improve business prospects for its future.Agency TheoryThis theory comes to explain the relationship that exists among the owners/shareholders and the management. The latter is the agent appointed by the bargainer (owner/subsidiary). In such an agent-principal relationship, problems such as the potential honorable contingency and conflict of interest are likely to occur. CSR comes as a mall way so that both parties can maximise thei r gains. As such, when CFP is strong, managers may reduce social expenditures in order to maximise their own nobble term private gains whereas when CFP weakens, managers will try to offset their disappointing results by engaging in conspicuous social programs, hence alteration magnitude their own wealth and that of shareholders as well, pursuant to the managerial opportunism hypothesis by Preston OBannon (1997).2.22.2.1 Corporate Financial procedure (CFP)Most of the businesses operate with a view of yielding profits. The financial performance of a company is reflected through its policies and operations in monetary cost. These results are reflected through its return on investment, return on assets, value added, return on sale and growth in sales. Managers work in the best interest of shareholders to maximise profits. Financial performance is the most common, however, it cannot be considered as the only indicator used to measure a firms wealth. A broader definition of financi al performance is accompanied by additive indicators such as short-term profits, long-term profits, market value, and other forms of competitive advantage, as noted by Jensen (2001).2.2.2 Corporate Social Performance and CFPMany previous studies have indicated an unclear relationship in the midst of CSR and financial performance. Thus, literature has pointed out towards an innovation in bringing the concept of CSP to better explore its impact upon corporate financial performance (CFP). In todays world, for a firm to achieve a good and high level of CFP, it has to go beyond the limits of its own corporate strategies and adopt views of other stakeholders who may be directly or indirectly related to the company.Since over the three decades, the orbit of the correlation between CSP and CFP has gained much salience. Many studies conducted in this effect have yielded positive correlation, while others produced contradictory results with prejudicious or non-significant different causal directions being found. In effect, there are several competing theoretical models which are proposed to explain three varying findings on the CSP-CFP link. Owing to these differing relationships, I.Y. Maroam (2006) proposes a unified theory of the CSP-CFP link that explain the different relationships that may be sight between CSR and CFP, thus basing itself on the parallels between the business and CSR domains.The concept of CSR instils in corporations the moral responsibility towards society that go beyond the goal of simply making profits for their owners and shareholders (Berman et al., 1999). As Freeman (1984) rightly pointed out that corporations should be socially responsible for both moral and practical (instrumental) reasons, by reflecting a socially responsible posture, a corporation can enhance its own performance. Thus, CSR activities can, inter-alia, be rewarded with more satisfied customers, better employee, improved reputation, and improved attack to financial marke ts, all pertaining to improving financial performance and sustaining the business. However, social accomplishments may equally involve certain financial be which can effectively reduce profits and comparative performance. Hence, Vance (1975) came up with the trade-off hypothesis to show disallow linkage between CSP and CFP whereby corporations displaying strong social credentials follow up declining stock prices relative to the market average.2.2.3 CSP as a Business schemaSo far, it is clear that CSP can be used as a business strategy which can contribute to the competitive advantage of firms. A teach by N. A. Dentchey (2004) on the effects of CSP on the competitiveness of organisations reveals that CSP should not be thought as an innocent adventure for executives. It is rather a strategy for achieving corporate strategies, which if not warily implemented, may harm the firms competitive advantage.Competitive advantage, as seen by Porter (1996), denotes the ability of a company to outperform others from successful differentiation from rivals actions. This strategic fit between the outside environment and companies internal resources and capabilities (Hoskissoon et al., 1999) results in superior financial results, as indicated by various measures of profitability. Hence, as per Burke and Logsdon (1996), a strategic implementation of social responsibility benefits all by resulting in strategic outcomes such as customer loyalty, future purchases, new products, new markets and productivity gains. Arguably, CSP can be a source of competitive disadvantage for firms which regard CSP as an additional cost. Business contributions to social prosperity (CSP) are seen by Keim (1978, p.33) as an investment in public good which is consumed or enjoyed by a subjugate of individuals disregarding the cost sharing. Thus, investing in CSP is likely to bear negative effects for the firms which are incurring be that might otherwise be avoided or that should be borne by others , for example, individuals or government (Aupperle et al., 1985).2.2.4 CSP, CFP and the Stakeholder Theory interest the above arguments, a new perspective of CSP, based on the stakeholder analysis, emerges to argue furthermore that there exists a positive relationship between CSP and CFP. As such, S.A. Waddock and S.B. Graves (1997) propose that a tension exists between the firms explicit costs (for instance, payments to bondholders) and its implicit costs to other stakeholders (for example, product quality costs, and environmental costs). Hence, a firm which tries to outweigh its explicit costs by increasing its socially responsible actions incurs higher implicit costs, resulting in competitive advantage. Thus, high levels of CSP are seen as indicators of superior management by Alexander and Buchholz (1982) which exit to lower explicit costs and enhanced financial performance.The stakeholder theory accompanies the concept of CSR by shedding more light on the issue of social respon sibility. This theory is spread over three sights (Donaldson and Preston, 1995) namely, descriptive, instrumental and prescriptive. While the descriptive aspect describes and explains the theory, the instrumental aspect discloses the cause-effect relationships between stakeholder management practices and improving corporate performance. The normative aspect, on the other hand, as perceived by I.Y. Maroam (2006) empha surfaces on the moral imperatives for practising stakeholder management, rather than the business benefits it may provide. A parallelism between the core business domain and the CSR domain will maximise a firms profitability.The stakeholder theory provides a framework for investigating the relationship between CSP and CFP by examining how a change in CSP is related to a change in financial accounting measures. In fact, the two concepts of CSR and stakeholder share the proposition that social responsibility affects financial performance in some way or other. This baili wick area has been so vastly explored that this trend is now seen as a natural progression which goes associatively with developments in the industrial and business world. There is an increasing concern and emphasizing on humanity, environmental preservation and enlightened social consciousness. Thus, a new area of research began to pave its way within the field of business and society where the relationship between corporate social conduct, both toward the corporations stakeholders and the wider society, and the corporations financial performance was and is still being investigated across several countries. Over environmental issues, research has revealed that businesses which are eco-friendly and demonstrate good CSR practices enjoy increased consumer purchase preference (Gildea, 1994 Zaman, 1996) and good economic performance (Al-Tuwaijiri, et al., 2004).A stakeholder group, as identified and defined by Freeman (1984), is one that that can affect or is affected by achievement of the organisations objectives, that is, which can be harmed as well as can help it to achieve its goals. Therefore, there is a growing need for firms to address the needs and expectations of the stakeholders to avoid negative outcomes and produce positive outcomes for themselves (Donaldson and Preston, 1995 Freeman, 1984 Frooman, 1997). Pursuant to the stakeholder theory perspective, CSP can be assessed in terms of a company meeting the demands of multiple stakeholders, ranging from cost minimisation to societal maximisation. Building on the previous mentioned definition of CSP, Wood and Jones (1995) propose that stakeholder theory is the key to understanding the structure and dimensions of the firms societal relationships thereby expect that firms are responsible for honouring all the implicit and explicit contracts they hold with their various constituents.Therefore, the stakeholder theory provides a system-based perspective of the organisation and its stakeholders where it acknow ledges the dynamic and complex temper of the interplay between them. The various stakeholders of the firms, such as the employees, shareholders, financers, environmentalists, government, communities, customers and even competitors should be positive(p) by the management that it is working harder to satisfy them. The more classic the stakeholders to the firm, the more effort the firm needs to put to uphold its relationship with the former. According to Clarkson, Donaldson and Preston et al. (1995), the stakeholder theory must place shareholders as one of the multiple stakeholder groups which managers should consider in their decision-making process. However, like the shareholders, the other stakeholders may have a scan upon the firm, bestowing societal legitimacy. Notably, Bernadette M. Ruf et al. (2001) asserted that firms must address these non-shareholder groups demands otherwise they might face negative confrontations which can ultimately result in diminished shareholder valu e, through boycotts, lawsuits, protests and so on. Hence, firms have a fiduciary duty relationship not only to the shareholders, but to all stakeholders (Hasnas, 1998, p.32).So far, recognising a companys contractual relationship with the various stakeholders has been instrumental in better comprehending the relationship that CSP and CFP share. Stakeholders have expectations from the organisation. Nevertheless, these expectations may conflict with the firms limited resources leading the firm to evaluate its costs and benefits tradeoffs. familys must thus come with measures representative of the various factors of CSP and stakeholders interests. Unlike neo-classical stockholders who were only interested in financial performance (Grouf, 1994 Shapiro, 1992), the major stakeholders of today, that is, the stockholders are more interested in the firms current and future financial benefits and social performance.2.3 empirical ReviewThis section reviews the works done and methods used by r esearchers on the relationship of CFP and CSP. Empirical results on the latters correlation are mixed whereby some yielded in positive, some in negative and some in non-significant relationships. Basing on the stakeholder theory approach, several models on the CFP-CSP relationship have been proposed, where the largest number of investigations found a positive CSP-CFP linkage. Notably, different methods to compute indexes for CFP and CSP have been used since info on both cannot be possibly obtained in absolute figures.As such, using aggregated weights assigned to K dimensions of social performance obtained through questionnaire for CSP and using change in return on equity (ROE), change in return on sales (ROS) and growth in sales as financial measures on a sample of 496 firms, Bernadette M. Ruf et al. (2001) came up with a positive relationship between CSP and CFP. They, in fact, regressed change in CSP on change in CFP. The results revealed a significant positive relationship betwe en change in CSP and change in ROE and change in ROS in the long term but that with growth in sales was significantly positive only in year 0 and 1. The study suggests that improvements in CSP have both immediate and continuing financial impacts. The authors have furthermore suggested that since many financial performance measures follow a random walk or mean reversion1, it is important to use lead/lag studies to establish a causal sequence of CSP and CFP. Concerning time period, one year may be short in strategic terms and could well be distorted by rogue figures, hence, it suggested to take two or five age data in analyses.A newspaper publisher by S. A. Waddock and S. B. Graves (1997) also found positive linkage between CFP and CSP. An index for CSP was computed using eight attributes relating to shareholder concerns and were rated consistently across the finished Standards Poors 500 by a rating service. The firms profitability was measured using three accounting variables, n amely, return on assets (ROA), ROE and ROS used to assess CFP by the investment community. Factors such as size, risk and industry which affect both CFP and CSP were taken as control variables. Used on a sample of 469 companies and using CSP as both take careent and self-sustaining variable, the results revealed that CFP does depend on CSP and vice-versa and also indicated the importance of controlling for industry in assessing such a relationship.Size has been suggested in previous studies, like that of Ullman (1985) and McWilliams, A., and D. Siegel (2000), to be a factor which affects both CFP and CSP. Size remains a relevant variable because there had been evidence that smaller firms may not demonstrate the equivalent obvious socially responsible behaviours as larger firms. Authors like Pinkston and Carroll (1993), for instance, investigated the extent social responsibility orientations, organisational stakeholders, and social issues can differ among firms of differing sizes. P. A. Stanwick and S. D. Stanwick (1998), on the other hand, found a significant positive association between size (annual sales) and CFP at the 10% level for three of the six years of their study. Firm size is particularly the scale of operations in an organisation (Price and Mueller (1986, p. 233)). preceding literature has indicated a need to control not only for industry, and size (Ullman, 1985 Waddock and Graves, 1997), but also for risk (McWilliams and Siegel, 2000) to render research results more complete. The argument to use risk as a control variable is back up by the fact that the degree of risk is seen as the other important component of firm performance assumed by a firm in order to achieve a given level of financial performance as stated by Bettis and Hall (1982). Baird and Thomas (1985) also advocated risk as being both as a strategic variable (firms choose a given level of risk) and as an outcome variable (strategic choices lead to a level of risk) which ultimately leads to improved financial performance. As such, M. Brine, R. Brown and G. Hackett (2004) used risk alongside size as control variables to assess financial performance of 277 companies. Their preliminary results stated that the betrothal of CSR does lead to increases in turnover and also an increase in equity, which in turn improve the CFP level.According to Mahoney L. and Roberts R.W. (2007), there is no significant relationship between a composite measure of firms CSP and CFP. Using four years panel data of Canadian firms, they calculated a composite measure of CSP score by summing all dimension strength ratings, such as, community relations, diversity, employee relations, environment, international, product safety, and amongst others and subtracting all dimension weaknesses ratings. Following Waddock and Graves (1997a), ROA and ROE were used separately to measure a firms CFP. As CFP was expected to be positively related to CSP, a one-year lag between CFP and all independent var iables (CSP, firm size, debt level, and industry) was used. Inconsistent with their expectation, they found no significant relationship between the composite CSP measure and either ROA or ROE. However, the use of individual measures of firms CSP regarding environmental and international activities and CFP resulted in a significant relationship providing mixed support for the business case for CSP. A study, using the Granger causality approach, by Rim Makni et al. (2008) reaffirms Mahoney and Roberts (2007) works on the non-significant relationship. However, there may also be a simultaneous and interactive negative relation between CSP and CFP, forming a vicious circle.

Is Cloning Really Worth It? :: essays research papers

Cloning Is it rightfully worth(predicate) It?There is some(prenominal) controversy over the issue of copy. Is it in reality worth it?Scientists scan yes, scarce I theorize non. There be a lot of questions to be answered before we continue the process of cloning such as the fleshlys safety, reality livelinessings, and the costs, both financially and emotionally. First of all, we mustiness stand for of the poor, defenseless animals scientists are experimenting with. It is one thing to kill them for survival, only when it is totally wrong forthem to go by just to experiment. That is just as wrong as murdering an animal to makea few coats. break of the many animals that the scientists confirm tested to clone, very few puddlesurvived and the ones that have are dependent on the scientists for everything down to oxygen.Lets deem slightly humans for a second. Say your son, daughter, relative, or friendhas passed away. Would you wish his or her body cloned? A lot of p eople might say yesbut I better that a huge no. up to now though the body of the love one you lost is there, thereis no way to really have them back. A clone is just other person that looks like them. A persons character is reinforced by experiences he went finished and people he has met. I think many people would be disappointed at the fact that its just not the same(p) person.Another thing to think some is money. The taxpayers are paying come forth millions ofdollars on this idea that has no guarantee. What about the taxpayers who oppose cloning?I know I do not want my hard clear money invested against my will into something thatI feel is wrong and unjust.I think that people should be informed on all of the negatives as hygienic as the Is Cloning Really Worth It? essays research papers Cloning Is it Really Worth It?There is much controversy over the issue of cloning. Is it really worth it?Scientists say yes, but I think not. There are a lot of questions to be answered b efore we continue the process of cloning such as the animals safety, humans feelings, and the costs, both financially and emotionally. First of all, we must think of the poor, defenseless animals scientists are experimenting with. It is one thing to kill them for survival, but it is totally wrong forthem to die just to experiment. That is just as wrong as murdering an animal to makea few coats. Out of the many animals that the scientists have tried to clone, very few havesurvived and the ones that have are dependent on the scientists for everything down to oxygen.Lets think about humans for a second. Say your son, daughter, relative, or friendhas passed away. Would you want his or her body cloned? A lot of people might say yesbut I give that a huge no. Even though the body of the loved one you lost is there, thereis no way to really have them back. A clone is just another person that looks like them. A persons character is built by experiences he went through and people he has met. I think many people would be disappointed at the fact that its just not the same person.Another thing to think about is money. The taxpayers are paying out millions ofdollars on this idea that has no guarantee. What about the taxpayers who oppose cloning?I know I do not want my hard earned money invested against my will into something thatI feel is wrong and unjust.I think that people should be informed on all of the negatives as well as the