Civil Rights and Equality

African American Civil right and Equality Tara Faircloth HIS 204 Mr. Galano October 28, 2011 The topic I have chosen to write about is how African Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to obtain equality and civil rights. Ever since the African Americans were slaves they have had to come a long way to get where they are today. Some have even held positions in political offices, managed corporations, and gained all the rights that everyone else has. But, it’s never always been that way. African Americans were treated unjustly and had to go through things that most people cannot understand and have never had to endure. Over the generations African Americans have had to deal with many different struggles. Some of these struggles were unnecessary. Such as, them having to be a witness to their parents death, men would be witness to the rape of their mothers or wives, children being murdered or beaten. Back in those days the African Americans had no voice or rights. When they first came to the United States, African Americans were sold into slavery, which meant them or family members were auctioned to the slave owners. On top of this and other struggles, African Americans had to bare unmentionable punishments. They were sprayed with high power water hoses, beaten with sticks and wipes, arrested for no apparent reason, and even murdered. Between the 1950’s and 1970’s many people took part in actions to end the segregation, discrimination, and isolation among the African Americans. Some of these people included, Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. who took part in nonviolent actions, which involved sit-ins, boycotts, marches and other peaceful types of protests. For example, On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks who was also known as the â€Å"Mother of the Civil Rights Movement† who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. Because she was disobedient by law she was arrested, tried, and convicted for misconduct. After Rosa Parks made her stand, word spread within the African American communities. Fifty African American leaders put together the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which demanded more humane transportation system. The boycott lasted 381 days before the local ordinance segregating African Americans and whites on public buses was abolished. In 1965, a federal court forced the buses to become desegregated. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American activist, clergyman, as well as a leader in the African American Civil Rights Movement. He is to this day still known as an iconic figure for the advancement of civil rights within the United States and in other parts of the world, as well as for using nonviolent methods that he learned from Gandhi’s teachings. Martin Luther King Jr. s made to be a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism. When King started the civil rights movement he was a pastor at a Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, for just over a year when the civil rights advocate contested racial segregation on city buses. The activists followed King and formed the Montgomery Improvement Association which boycotted the transit system. Finally, since the African America ns were ready to do something to support their rights they followed Kings Advice to â€Å"work with grim and firm determination to gain justice on the buses in the city†. He was respected and it was thought that his family connections and professional standing would enable him to find other pastorates, if the boycott was to fail. On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was shot standing outside on the balcony of his second story hotel room. The bullet went through his check smashing his jaw, and then went through his spinal cord just before it lodged inside his shoulder. Martin Luther King Jr. was pronounced dead later that night. African Americans began participating in boycotts, marches, and sit-ins to get legislation passed to overcome their degrading issues. Some cases of these are, they boycotted when Rosa Parks was arrested, during sit-ins they would sit where the white people section was. By doing any of these actions it created more issues for them such as being beaten by white men and women including the police. Although, the African Americans were just trying to stand up for what they believed in the white people did not agree. The white people had very different views on what they believed were supposed to be the way of things. While the civil rights movement took on two different paths which were the non-violent actions by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. there were also violent acts that were the strategies of Malcolm X who went by a strict principle of violence to get even with the whites that committed crimes against the African Americans. Malcolm X was born May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He was the son of a Baptist minister, who was an admirer of Marcus Garvey. Garvey was the African American Nationalist leader back in the 1920’s the advocated the â€Å"back-to-Africa† movement. Malcolm’s family had to move around a lot because they were harassed by the Ku Klux Klan. For example, their home in Michigan was set on fire by the Ku Klux Klan which resulted in his father’s death. At the age of fifteen Malcolm began a criminal life of gambling, selling drugs, burglary, and hustling. In 1946, Malcolm was given ten years in prison for burglary at this time is when he began to transform his life. He transformed his life by studying the teachings of Muhammad and practicing this religion faithfully. After he expanded his vocabulary he began to understand the racial teachings of his new found religion; which believed the white man was evil, and they were doomed by Allah and that the best things for the black man to do was to separate himself from Western, white civilization-culturally, politically, physically, and psychologically. In conclusion, the African Americans had to endure a lot of pain and humiliation before they could have their own rights. If it wasn’t for everyone that took part in the civil rights movement African Americans probably never would have received recognition and being treated the same as the white man.

Media criticism paper

When he first was signed to his record label and released his debut single, I will admit I was not a huge fan Of his. But as he got older, along with me, and his music started becoming more mainstream, and relatable it was hard not to love him as an artist, plus he got much easier to look at. My love for him peaked in the fall of 201 2 when my best friend and I attended his concert in Portland. It was impossible not to fall in love with him, after spending 3 hours listening to Justine serenade us with songs varying from all four of his albums out at the current time.Since then he has released and acoustic version of his ever popular ‘Believe' album. Justine concerts aren't just him standing on stage singing into a microphone either, he is a performer, and his concert was a production, lots of time and effort goes into each and every show he performs. But Justine is much more than just a pop sensation; he is also a very charitable person. He has donated of millions of dollars to various charities since his rise to stardom. Though recently, he has been getting a lot of negative press, which has been hard for any, if not all of his â€Å"Believers†(what Justine calls his millions of dedicated fans) to hear.Justine is constantly under the media's microscope and every single thing he does get criticized and scrutinized by the paparazzi and by the media. Justine main audience is young, teen girls and with some of the things that the media has accused him of doing recently have parents keeping girls from going to his concerts. For being less than two decades old, Justine Bibber has done more charity work than most kids his age will do in their entire lives. Although he has made more money in the short time he has been in the footlight than most people would know what to do with, he does a great deal of good with all that dough.Most recently, in wake of the devastating typhoon in the Philippines, â€Å"Justine Bibber is finally using his fame for good- by turning his love for graffiti into hard cash for a Philippines typhoon relief group†(Jiffies). Bibber posted a picture to his Mainstream of him next to the ‘Pray 4 Philippines' graffiti he made. It has been reported that Justine is to sell Off the cans Of spray paint he used, along with a signed picture of the painting o help raise money for Typhoon Hanna (Jiffies). But tagging the walls of L. A. Is not the only charity Justine Bibber does.Just this summer he granted his 20th Make-a-Wish Foundation. At one of his meet and greets during his Atlanta concert in August, Justine met an eight year old girl with a life threatening liver condition. She got to ask him a series of question and at the very end she asked him to marry her, only to have him get down on one knee and pretend propose to her himself. This was the 20th Make-a-Wish Bibber had granted, the most by any recording artist ever (Acacias). In addition, Justine Bibber donates one dollar from every concert tour tic ket to charity.From the two tours he's been on, it comes out to be 13 million dollars (Earthman). Those are just a few of the good deeds the young pop star has done since his rise to fame, he has also founded/supported 14 different charities and 17 various causes (Justine Bibber). Like every teenage boy, Justine has recently been caught â€Å"experimenting† with different substances. The only problem with him doing so rather than every other teen, is he has constant microscope over him watching his every eve, and scrutinizing every thing he does.Earlier this year reports surfaced that Bibber has allegedly been caught smoking weed. His tour bus was raided in Sweden when the police thought drugs Were being used inside. Reports say that the officers found â€Å"narcotics† on the bus but there were no charges, as the police couldn't determine who they belonged to. Justine was also allegedly caught one time before this for the use of marijuana but biblically and comically a pologized to fans during a skit while hosting Saturday Night Live in February (Marcus). S normal for every college age kid to drink or try pot (not legally of course, but it still happens), but Justine has to endure the wrath of the media because he such a big star. Bibber has been criticized for all sorts of mischievous things recently like, going to clubs, supposedly spitting on his fans, peeing in a mop bucket, reckless driving of expensive sports cars, attacking a London paparazzi and many more. These sorts of activities are leaving parents of young fans wondering if Justine is a good role model/ icon and wondering what sorts of messages and values he is sending to his monger fan base.Being born and raised in Canada, permits drinking and club-going at age 18, so he has been legal there for over a year, but he cannot partake in those types of behaviors in the US, where he lives and owns a house in Calabash, California. The most recent scandal surrounding Bibber is the wild party he threw at his California home this past weekend. TOM reports that Justine threw a â€Å"Gatsby like† party at his home, that was â€Å"FILLED with naked chicks† thought to be stripers that he was â€Å"tipping like a Pro†. He was said to have dropped $10,000 in cash on all the girls.

A Report on the Relation between Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer, the UV Index, and Sunscreen Protection

A Report on the Relation between Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer, the UV Index, and Sunscreen Protection Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer Skin cancer is caused by exposure to the sun. Skin cancer can develop during long term exposure or during short periods of more intense sun exposure. Ultraviolet light in sunlight damages the DNA in our skin cells. Damage can happen years before cancer can develop so you may not even realize the harmful dangers your body is going through while you are exposed to the sun. In 2016 it is estimated that 13,283 new cases of melanoma skin cancer will be diagnosed in Australia. The estimate is roughly 7,847 males and 5,436 females. In 2012 the rate was forty-nine cases per 100,000 persons which is roughly sixty males and thirty-nine females. UVA rays and UVB rays both play a role in the development process of skin cancer. UVA rays penetrate into the dermis which is the skin’s thickest layer. Unprotected exposure can lead to things such as premature skin aging (wrinkling and sunspots) and suppression of the immune system. UVB rays will burn the superficial layers of your skin.This is the cause of sunburn. Unlike UVA, UVB rays have different strengths throughout the year. UVB is the most common cause of most skin cancers. UVC rays is the strongest and the deadliest of solar rays but the ozone layer prevents it from reaching earth. The UV Index is a forecast of the amount of skin damaging UV radiation expected to reach the earth’s surface at the time when the sun is highest in the sky. That is usually around midday. The amount of UV radiation reaching the surface is primarily related to the elevation of the sun in the sky, the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, and the amount of cloud coverage. Thick cloud coverage can reduce the UV radiation levels and certain types of thin cloud can magnify the UV radiation strength. The UV index is calculated based off of four factors: the thickness of the ozone layer which detected using satellites, the cloud cover which blocks the UV radiation up to an extent, the time of year because the seasons such as winter lowers the UV radiation, and the elevation because the higher the elevation the more radiation. Sunscreen is a combination of organic and inorganic active ingredients. Some inorganic ingredients such as zinc oxide reflect or scatter UV radiation. Organic ingredients such as oxybenzone dissipates as it heats. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) measures how effective the sunscreen formula limits skin exposure to the UV rays that burn the skin. The higher the SPF is the more protection you will have from UV rays.

The Human Genome Project promises a revolutionary insight to the Essay

The Human Genome Project promises a revolutionary insight to the genetic 'blueprint' of the human body. Consider the social, - Essay Example Ethical issues include balancing individual interests against the interests of others, and such considerations as potentially racist applications and unforeseen consequences of information which gene-related activities can produce. Some of the most critical issues such as privacy and the desire not to know are highlighted. Financial implications for society at large, private companies and for individuals are explored. Finally there is assessment of the extent to which the Frankenstein metaphor applies to this project. The paper concludes that the Human Genome Project is an extremely powerful resource which can be used for good or evil purposes, and that we have resolved some, but by no means all, of the major ethical issues that it brings. The Human Genome Project promises a revolutionary insight to the genetic â€Å"blueprint† of the human body. Consider the social, ethical, and economic implications of this project for society, and the potential for applications of this rese arch. Genetic engineering is a relatively new science, which rests on the pioneering work of Gregor Mendel on the garden pea, leading to the formulation of Mendel’s laws in 1866. (Thomas, 2003 pp. 1-3). ... They were motivated by scientific curiosity and, as in so many laboratories, the focus was on the pure science, theories and explanations of what was going on at the tiniest possible levels of genes and chromosomes within the human body. At this stage there was very little concern for the ethical and moral implications of these new discoveries. The field of genetics made further progress with the invention of effective gene sequencing techniques in the mid 1970’s. At first only tiny viruses and bacteria were studied, but with advances in computing and automation, more complex organisms could be studied. Throughout the 1980s techniques improved so considerably that attention turned to the human genome. The Huntingdon’s disease gene was mapped to chromosome 4 in 1983 (Collins and McKusick: 2001, p. 541) but this was only a first step towards accurately locating the disease to its specific position there. There was no systematic way of sequencing all of the genes, and the scale of the task, encompassing some 3 billion base pairs, defeated even the best technology of the time. More resources were needed to tackle such a huge task. In 1989 both private and publicly funded organisations began to map the whole human genome. An international consortium was set up in 1990 and named the Human Genome Project. At this stage, finally, some of the more serious implications of the project were realised, and a portion the funding amounting to between 3% and 5% was set aside for exploration of the moral and ethical issues attached to the research. (Collins and McKusick, 2001, p. 540) Over a period of 13 years, the Human Genome Project was carried out in various locations,

Marketing plan for NIKE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing plan for NIKE - Essay Example Nike was founded on January 25th 1964 by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight as Blue Ribbon Sports. The company adopted the name Nike on May 30, 1978 and began marketing its products and services under its own brand. Today, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. In addition, the company is known worldwide for sponsoring a great deal of sports activities and supporting many sports teams. The Nike brand is presently found in many countries across the world notably in the United States, Europe, Asia Pacific and the Americas (Esty & Winston, 2009). Courtesy of its innovative design and effective marketing strategies, the company has obtained a very huge position in the sports markets in these regions. More importantly, Nike’s products are usually associated with high quality and this has been a major boost for the company over the years. Situation analysis Company mission and objectives Nike has always been focused to the realization of its goals, mission and object ives. More importantly, the organization has a strong sense of values which have created a kind of organizational culture often admired by many organizations. The mission of the organization is â€Å"to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world† (Esty & Winston, 2009) In this regard, it is seen that Nike actually exists in order to ensure that the world is well supplied with quality equipment, shoes, apparels and other quality products. The focus of Nike is to bring a new reality to the world of athletics. In the same way, Nike’s vision stresses on the aspect of people and profit and the need to implement sustainable principles within the market. The organization greatly appreciates the dynamic nature of the market and is therefore at the forefront in instituting the very changes that are almost imperative for its continued success. One major goal of the organization is always the creation of partnerships in the hope of adding value. In this regard , Nike UK has been a strong force in creating valuable partnerships with other organizations and the social media which has seen the creation of such brands like Nike. A combination of these vision, values and goals have been the core marketing formula for the organization. In this regard, the organization has seen much progress and success (Rigsby & Greco, 2003). Products Nike engages in the production of various types of sports equipment. The initial products were track running shoes. However, the company has greatly diversified its product line and manufactures shoes, shorts, jerseys and base layers for various types of sporting activities. The Nike Air Max was the initial shoe line introduced by the company back in 1987 and has remained popular for a long time. Some of the recent products introduced include Nike NYX, Nike SB and Nike 6.0 Shoes all for skateboarding. Similarly, the company launched a type of cricked shoes known as Air Zoom Yorker which are designed to be very eff ective and are actually 30% lighter than the competitors in the market (Katz, 2012). While Nike is majorly known for athletics products, it should be noted that the organization actually produces an assortment of products for basketball, combat sports, golf, football and many other sporting activities. In addition, the Nike brand has been very popular across the world in youth, hip hop and Chav

INDIAN NEGOTIATION STYLES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

INDIAN NEGOTIATION STYLES - Essay Example In essence, Indian negotiating styles combines the values of culture honesty and details in ways that focus largely on the results rather than the processes. Business is considered as a culture and not simply a means towards profits. Success and failure are assessed in terms of the character and ability of agents rather than logical outcomes of strategies and processes (Martin, & Chaney, 2009). In the context of international business, the negotiation process in India is considered, in many circles, as a process of balance of power and an adjustment of equilibriums between the presumed cultural greatness of the west and Indian culture. Cultural balance and cultural universalism acquire more prominence to challenge the negative assumptions resident in theories of cultural relativism as understood in business context. Indian negotiating styles significantly rely on the details (Zubko, & Sahay, 2010). Issues are broken down into their constituent parts and analyzed in accordance with the manner in which they relate to the bigger picture. In essence, the process entails the realization of a range of issues that connect with outcomes. Usually, the focus begins with the bigger picture before attention is given to the driving factors and the specifics of the deal. Clarity and order in the details of the deal becomes necessary for purposes of assessing the feasibility of the deal. Naturally, Indians prefer the guidance of clear data and mathematical procedure towards the attainment of a given goal. This trait is consistent with the cultural attachment to matters of mathematical and scientific importance. Studies have connected these traits to the flourishing IT and medicine culture in the country. Family and business comprise the uniform continuum that forms part of the Indian culture (Desai, 2012). Appreciating the family connections behind India’s corporate world remains a key starting point of developing insights into the working of the system. Usually,

MIH512-Demography and Health (Module 4-SLP) Essay

MIH512-Demography and Health (Module 4-SLP) - Essay Example Morbidity refers to a measure that helps in determining factors that affect the individual's health such as abnormal conditions and illnesses; this section analysis aids prevalence in the UK and the US using year 2000 estimates. In 2000 it was estimated that 885 thousand individuals in the UK were living with Aids, and over 126 thousands individuals living with aids in the US, the total population in the UK was estimated at 58,886 thousands and 281421.906 thousand in the US. Therefore using the formula it is evident that aids prevalence rate of Aids in the UK was 150 per 10,000 individuals while the value was 447.8 per 10,000 in the US, this shows that there are relatively higher prevalence rate in the US than the UK. Disability is also an important health statistic, data show that 5.9% of the total population in the UK was disabled while 6.1% of the total population in the US was disabled in the year 2000, this means that we have more cases of disability in the US than in the UK according to the 2000 estimates. Fertility is also an important measure that indicates the trend in population, fertility can be indicated by the crude birth rate which is determined by dividing total births by the tot

Yellow wall paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Yellow wall paper - Essay Example He impulsively yelled at Mary asking her why she had to tear up the paint, and an argument picked up. Mary was surprised as to why removing paint picture from the wall could get the man so worked up and shaken to the extent of fainting. It did not take long before Jane came in the room, alarmed by the noise. She banged the door shouting while asking, â€Å"May I know what is going on here?† The two just gazed at her; no one gave her an answer. She then turned to Mary whose eyes were already filled up with tears and was reluctant to answer but turned around her head and pointed at the tattered papers of the drawing. Little did Jane; Mary’s sister in-law, started to resolve the situation than they heard Mary scream, â€Å"My baby†¦No...No†¦ No, it cannot be†, and blood was all overfilling the floor. Mary lost her infant, and she was so much in despair not knowing what to do. John, who was astounded, came back into senses and immediately rushed to his wives’ rescue. He hastily called a taxi, sobbing and looking so confused. They slowly took her outside the compound to meet the taxi, and after a short while, it was already there. John, being a doctor, he still could not do anything. He was baffled and could not believe that it was a miscarriage, and he still had hopes that his baby was alive. After the doctor had checked up the wife, the terrible news was delivered; Mary had lost the baby. The report was too much for John to take, and he had to sit down on a bench at the hospital, tears undulating down the cheeks. Jane was left with nothing else to do, but comfort he r brother. The narrator had to spend two nights in the hospital to receive further treatment, and her husband stood up with her, spending all day and night watching over for his beloved wife. It is at this moment that Mary realized that her husband truly loved her. At the same time, John thought of hoe he sometimes mistreated the

Final Project 3610 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Project 3610 - Essay Example Provincial administration was coordination of military districts controlled by officials whose primary role in campaigns was to summon the timariots. Most of the effort of the central administration was dedicated to raising money and supplies required by the kapikulli forces. Roads and bridges were built to enhance the transport of troops. In its zenith, the administration was well organized in terms of its structure. It consisted of three principal parts: the Sultan’s extensive household, a branch of government managed by the Grand Vizier who served as the Sultan’s deputy in all state matters, and the Muslim religious institution, which included Muslim functionaries apprehensive with the law and educational grouped under the over lordship of the Shaykh al-Islam. Most imperative of these were the qadis; they looked after criminal law and some local administration. Before the 17th century, Muslims who were freeborn served in the religious institutions or primarily as sipahis; the rest of the state administration and even the kapikulli forces was constituted principally of Christian converts to Islam who was recruited in the manner of the kapikulli military forces. Their legal status evolved around that of slaves of the sultan, even though the term â€Å"slave† was not associated with plantation slavery, which was in the case of the Western countries. The administration engaged the people to a language (the Ottoman Turkish language), which was largely Arabic in vocabulary and Turkish in grammar. It was written in the Arabic script. The population of the Ottoman Empire was mixed linguistically, culturally, and by religion. The Empire was one of the largest and leading Empires in history. With its strong military base, finally led to its success by winning many battles and conquered majority of states, because it had strong slave-based army-the empire used gunpowder as military tools. War was the main business of

An Organizational Culture. How Does It Affect The Decision And Essay

An Organizational Culture. How Does It Affect The Decision And Outcomes Of The Organization Can Organizational Culture Be Changed - Essay Example There is also no single definition of culture and it only involves assumptions, adaptations, perceptions, and learning that use symbols, language, ideologies, rituals, and myths in creating its beliefs, values and expectations. In a business setting, organizational culture is the shared philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitude, and norms that knit the organization together. All of these interrelated psychological qualities reveal a group agreement, implicit or explicit, on how to approach decisions and problems or how things are done in a specific organization. It manifests in behavioral norms, hidden assumptions, and human nature, each occurring at a different level of depth within the organization. Studies have showed that organizational cultures are influenced by national cultures. Organizational culture differs not only from one business or industry to another but also from one country to another. In fact, industry and business culture are im mensely influenced by national cultures. The dimensions of cultures between countries were categorized by Hofstede. Hoftstede formulated a cultural assessment tool whereby dimensions of one’s cultural strength can be assessed by assigning a scale ranging from 0 to 100 in the five cultural dimensions. This tool of Hofstede is a popular tool among managers who would like to understand another culture apart from their own. The five cultural dimensions of Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-Term Orientation; Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture in details are; Small vs. large power distance – This refers to how a society handles inequalities and the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Individualism vs. collectivism  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Behavior towards community. The degree to which individuals are integrated into groups or are expected to look after themselves and self-actualize. Masculinity vs. femininity)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Behavior and roles distributed according to gender. (This dimension is often renamed by users of Hofstede’s work to Quantity of Life vs. Quality of Life because one of the notable findings in the IBM studies revealed that in ‘masculine’ cultures, people (whether male or female) value competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition, and the accumulation of wealth and material possessions whereas in ‘feminine’ cultures, people (again whether male or female) value relationships and quality of life. Weak vs. strong uncertainty avoidance – This refers to the level of need for structure. Cultures with low uncertainty avoidance tend to accept risk and change and prefer implicit or flexible rules and guidelines. Long vs. short term orientation – How much society values long-standing, as opposed to short term, traditions and values. Cultures with high long-te rm orientation place strong importance on family, discipline and social obligations These varying organizational cultures affect the decision and outcomes of the organization in manner that it dictates or sets the phase on how things should be done in an organization and how should manager approach the workforce considering the prevailing culture. A positive culture is often cultivated by management to be able to increase the productivity of the organization while keeping the people happy which reinforces further the positive and cohesive organizational culture. A positive organizational culture benefits the business enterprise because of its higher productivity outcome. When organizational culture is positive, people are motivated and get things done faster not to mention that

Ethical Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Ethical Worksheet Essay 1. What is the ethical issue or problem? Identify the issue succinctly. The probation officer has to generate a presentence investigation report for the husband’s trial. The probation officer has to keep in consideration that this last DUI would be the husband’s third conviction, the only one being after his military service. The standard sentence for a third time offense usually begins at a minimum of 90 days in custody. The husband, however, has a record diagnosing him with post-traumatic stress disorder (developed after serving in Somalia) where confinement can trigger regression, explosive outbursts, and traumatic flashbacks. What should the probation officer recommend? 2. What are the most important facts? Which facts have the most bearing on the ethical decision presented? Include any important potential economic, social, or political pressures, and exclude inconsequential facts. This is the husband’s third DUI offense. Due to the husband’s military service in Somalia, and his imprisonment by the enemy soldier, he now suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and has regressed to the level of a 10-year-old. As per his psychiatrists, any type of confinement could worsen his regression, triggering explosive outbursts and traumatic flashbacks. The standard sentencing (since he’s a third time offender) usually begins at a minimum of 90 days in custody. His prior convictions happened before his military service and he served a total of 60 days in custody, without incidents. 3. Identify each claimant (key actor) who has an interest in the outcome of this ethical issue. From the perspective of the moral agent—the individual contemplating an ethical course of action—what obligation is owed to the claimant? Why? Claimant (key actor) Obligation (owed to the claimant) Perspective (What does the claimant hope will happen?) Probation Officer Beneficence, protection, service The probation officer would strongly recommend for the husband be placed under house arrest and attend intensive therapy and rehabilitation, rather than being incarcerated or institutionalized. Husband Respect, order The husband would prefer to pay a fine, if any, and be penalized in any way other than confinement. Judge Beneficence, non-injury The judge would prefer to help the mental condition of the husband, as well as keep the order in any jails and/or correctional facilities. Psychiatrist Beneficence, farewell The psychiatrists would prefer to attend to the husband’s mental condition through intense therapy and rehabilitation, and avoid confinement at all cost. Society Justice, peace and order Society would prefer any type of rehabilitative therapy for the husband, a military veteran, and not incarceration. Evaluating Alternatives 4. What are two alternatives for the scenario? One alternative can be a wild card that you ordinarily may not consider an option because of potential implications. Both should be within free will and control of the same moral agent. Alternative A Alternative B The probation officer strongly recommends rehabilitative therapy and psychotherapy in place of any incarceration time. The probation officer generates the PSI report following protocol of recommending the standard mandatory minimum of 90 days in jail for being the husband’s third conviction. 5. Respond to the following questions based on your developed alternatives. Alternative A Alternative B What are the best- and worst-case scenarios if you choose this alternative? Best: The husband shows improvement through different types of therapy and overcomes alcoholism. Worst: Therapy is useless for the husband and his alcohol dependency worsens. Best: Standard procedures are followed. Husband has no outburst or violent flashbacks. Worst: Husband has a violent outburst hrs within incarceration, has to be placed in solitary confinement, mental state deteriorates. Will anyone be harmed if this alternative is chosen? If so, how will they be harmed? Consider families and derivative effects. The husband will be hurt if the therapies recommended do not work as expected. His mental condition and alcohol dependency may worsen if the issue is not approached properly. The husband’s mental, emotional, and maybe even physical state will worsen will incarceration, since his violent outburst and flashbacks will be reoccurring. Would honoring an idea or value—such as personal, professional, or religious—make the alternative invalid? Prioritizing the mental health and wellbeing of a military veteran with service related issues, such as PTSD makes the alternative invalid. Following the standard sentencing for a third time offender would make the alternative invalid. Are there any rules, laws, or principles that support the alternative? Are there rules, laws, or principles that make the alternative invalid? State the rule or principle and indicate if it invalidates or supports the alternative. 3455. Idiocy as a Defense You may not find the defendant guilty of if (he/she) was legally incapable of committing a crime because of idiocy. The defendant was legally incapable of committing a crime because of idiocy if at the time the crime was committed: 1. (he/she) had a mental disease or defect; 2. Because of that disease or defect, (he/she) did not know or understand the nature and quality of (his/her) act or did not know or understand that (his/her) act was morally or legally wrong. V C Section 23546 Penalty Third Conviction Within Ten Years 23546. (a) If a person is convicted of a violation of Section 23152 and the offense occurred  within 10 years of two separate violations of Section 23103, as specified in Section 23103.5, 23152, or 23153, or any combination thereof, that resulted in convictions, that person shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than 120 days nor more than one year and by a fine of not less than three hundred ninety dollars ($390) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000). The persons privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be revoked by the Department of Motor Vehicles as required in paragraph (5) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352. The court shall require the person to surrender his or her drivers license to the court in accordance with Section 13550 Applying Ethical Guidelines 6. Consider each ethical guideline and explain whether it would support or reject your alternative. Guidelines based on the action itself Alternative A Alternative B Should this alternative become a rule or policy that everyone in this situation should follow in similar situations in the future? (Kant) Yes No Does this alternative result in using any person as a means to an end without consideration for his or her basic integrity? (Kant) No Yes Is the intent of this action free from vested interest or ulterior motive? (Kant’s good will) Yes Yes Does this alternative demonstrate a genuine concern for others affected by the decision, and is the moral agency responding to a perceived need? Yes: concern for others and responding to a perceived need are implicated No Guidelines based on consequences Alternative A Alternative B Is the good that results from this alternative outweighed by the potential harm that might be done to others? (Mill’s harm principle) Possibly No Is any harm brought about by anyone other than the moral agent? (causal harm) No Yes, the husband and the implicated correctional facility Will anyone be harmed who can be said to be defenseless? (paternalism) No Yes, the husband in a regressed mental state of a 10 year old To what degree is this alternative based on the moral agent’s own best interest? (ethical egoism) Not based on the parole officer’s own interest. It is based on the best interest of the husband. Not based on the parole officer’s own interest. It is based on the best interest of the husband. Which alternative will generate the greatest benefit—or the least amount of harm—for the greatest number of people? Select only one alternative. (utilitarianism) Alterative A will generate the greatest benefit. Ethical Decision Making 7. Choose to proceed with either Alternative A or Alternative B and explain the reasons for your decision. I recommend that on the parole officer’s presentencing investigation report strongly recommend an alternative type of punitive action against the husband, in lieu of incarceration. He should take in consideration not only the welfare and mental health of the husband, but the order in the corresponding correctional facility. The parole officer should note that incarceration will not only greatly deteriorate the husband’s mental, emotional, and even physical health, but it will also create altercations and physical confrontations in jail. The parole officer should push for some type of intensive rehabilitative therapy, as well as psychotherapy, and any other type of therapy the husband may need in order to treat his mental condition as well as to address his alcohol dependency. If necessary, applying a fine and/or house arrest in order to pay for the offense. The par ole officer should put the health and well being of the husband first.

Chinese Culture Essay Example for Free

Chinese Culture Essay Chinese Culture changed during the Qin Dynasty. There was an increase in trade, agriculture, and military protection. The central government now had direct control of the population, allowing the ability to have a much bigger workforce. Many projects such as the Great Wall of China were done because of this. The Qin Dynasty had several reforms in China’s society; such as money, advanced writing system, and the weights and measurements became the same units. Book burning and burying of scholars occurred due to the desire to purge all traces of the old dynasties. The Qin’s military was revolutionary due to the fact of more developed weaponry, transportation, and military tactics. All this was done even though China’s government was strict and bureaucratic. Future Chinese regimes were influenced because of this Dynasty. Qin Shihuang was the emperor that was buried in the tomb. He was the first emperor of China. After 200 years of war between 6 states, he unified China. His rule only lasted for 15 years, but left a lasting impact on the country’s history. A few of Qin’s remnants were the legalist principles, a Chinese philosophy that followed hard discipline agreeing to the rule of law. This belief helped Qin to rule the masses in a more centered power order and show a very influential way to rule, but this did now allow for disagreement to occur. Qin introduced a uniform written language which helped the government to communicate and carry out policies. Scholars could share information to a bigger population which helped lead to the transfer of culture. Having one language helped the later dynasties to communicate with the nomads and pass along information on how to compromise or fight with them. The invention of constructing roads allowed better connection between major cities and provinces. The dynasty standardized the length of axles in carts so they could all ride on new roads. The construction of the Great Wall of China made a mark in history for the country’s boundaries, causing a greater unity. The nomadic tribes in the north were not able to attack because of the Great Wall protecting its Country. They dynasty standardizes all weights and measures, leading to a more effortless exchange of goods, and developing a taxation system. The Chinese money is also made equal all over, allowing even more efficiency of exchange in goods. Qin Shihuang had a lasting impact in the power of leadership in China. After his death in 206 BCE, his son, and later his grandson, took power but bother were short lived. The Qin Dynasty ended in 206 BCE. After his death, the same states that were in war before he became the emperor, began to fight again and many leaders sprang up over China until the Han Dynasty. Even though this happened, the lasting effects of practices that were put in place in the Qin Dynasty, lasted throughout the centuries. Qin’s power came from his top-down rule, and people conformed to his rule because of his powerful personality. They followed him because he showed them a vast difference in comparison to their small kingdoms, giving a way to a beginning of a future nation-state. The fact that China is names after Qin just goes to show how big of an influence he really was. For more than 2 thousand years Taoism has been the religious tradition that has influenced the people of East Asia. The work, Tao means the â€Å"path† or â€Å"way†, but with numerous subtle differences in folk religion and Chinese philosophy. There are three Jewels of Tao that are underlined: compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoism teaches mostly on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos. The reason for all of Taoist’s rules and practices is to have Harmony with the Universe. Another thing that is popular in Taoism is godly fear for ancestor spirits and immortals. There is folk religion Taoism, and then there is organized Taoism, the difference is their rituals. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, Zen Buddhism, many Chinese martial arts, traditional Chinese medicine, and feng shun, and many style of qigong have been weaved with Taoism throughout history. Another philosophy developed in China is Confucianism. It came from the teachings of Confucius; Master Kong, 551-478 B.C. It is a complex system of moral, political, philosophical, social, and part religious thought that influences the culture and history of East Asia. Some East Asian countries consider it to be a state religion because of the adopted philosophies of Confucius. China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam all are influenced by Confucianism as well as Singapore. The very first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang was the patron. Not long after he became emperor, he ordered to have his mausoleum be built. It was ordered to be build at the foot of Li Mountain in Xian. Part of his grave goods was the Terra Cotta warriors. It is believed that it took 700,00 men and 40 years to build the mausoleum. Qin wanted not only to be the greatest king alive, but in his death and for eternity. This is why he would not allow a chance for there to be a rebellion between the 6 states that were in war with each other. The terra cotta army was built there to suppress them, and execute his dream of everlasting. This is why he built the army in his tomb.

Differences Between Strict And Absolute Criminal Liability Law Essay

Differences Between Strict And Absolute Criminal Liability Law Essay In general, the criminal liability requires the proof of both actus reus and mens rea before convicting a person. When the necessity for the prosecution to prove mens rea (in the sense of intention, knowledge or recklessness, or even negligence) regarding the actus reus elements of the offence is disregarded, either expressly or impliedly, the offence in question is described as strict or absolute liability offence. What is the distinction (if any) between absolute and strict liability offences? Give examples of each. First, it determines what the prosecution must prove. Strict liability offences do not require proof of mens rea in respect of at least one element of the actus reus, usually the essential one. However, proof of mens rea may be required for some of the elements of the actus reus. Absolute liability offences do not require proof of any mens rea element, but are satisfied by proof of the actus reus only. Second, the distinction can be seen by examining the issue of causation In strict liability, the prosecution is required to prove the causation of the actus reus and the offence. In Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd v National Rivers Authority [1998] HL, the lordship said that, While liability [for water pollution] is strict and therefore includes liability for certain deliberate acts of third parties à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is not an absolute liability in the sense that all that has to be shown is that the polluting matter escaped from the defendants land, irrespective of how this happened. It must still be possible to say that the defendant caused the pollution. In absolute liability, however, a crime may not require any causation link at all, if the specified state of affairs exists. In Winzar v Chief Constable of Kent (1983), the defendant was removed from a hospital by police and was then arrested and found guilty of being drunk on the highway, even though the police officers had put him there. The court held that it was enough to show that D had been present on the highway and was perceived to be drunk. It didnt matter that his presence on the highway was momentary and involuntary. Third, it determines what defences are available to the defendant Many academic papers differentiate strict and absolute liability offences by the availability of the defence of mistaken yet honest belief, a common law defence. Where they are available liability is strict, where it is not available liability is absolute. The situation is made complex in case where defence are provided in the statue for the defendant to escape liability. If common law defence is held by court to be excluded from the offence, does the provision of statutory defence disqualify the offence to be an absolute one? Or that it is the nature of the offence that automatically categorized the offence as absolute liability? In the case HKSAR and SO WAI LUN, the court of appeal has the opportunity to look into the case B (A Minor) v DPP, and made the following observation. Section 5 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 made it an offence for a person to have unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl under 13 while section 6 made it an offence in relation to girls under 16. Under section 6, a defence was expressly set out where the defendant, provided he was under the age of 24, believed the girl to be 16 or over As to the effect of these two offences, Lord Steyn said at 469A B that since section 5 contained no such defence, it plainly created an offence of absolute liability. So the court is suggesting that unlawful underage sexual intercourse, a traditional well-known example of absolute liability, will not be considered as absolute liability per se in the present of statutory defence in the provision. This observation is reaffirmed in the recent case Hin Lin Yee v HKSAR by Judge Chan PJ in para. 198 (ii) and (iii). In other jurisdiction like Australia, the distinction of strict and absolute liability is even blurred by the fact that common law defence like duress and self defence can be available for absolute liability. How does one determine if an offence is one of strict or absolute liability? The question of whether a statutory offence requires proof of mens rea or is strict liability is treated as a matter of statutory construction, the statutory provision enacting the offence must be construed to determine the legislative intention. In Gammon (Hong Kong) LTD v A-G of Hong Kong [1985] PC, the lordship has summarized the approach to the interpretation: There is a presumption of law that mens rea is required before a person can be held guilty of a criminal offence. The presumption is particularly strong where the offences is truly criminal in character. Truly criminal offence usually refers those dealing with violence against persons or property. The presumption is particularly strong because of the stigma attached to the offence. The presumption applies to statutory offences, and can be displaced only if this is clearly or by necessary implication the effect of the statute. Sometimes the offence will expressly specify the type or level of mental fault by using words such as willfully, recklessly, carelessly, etc. In such cases, the court must then go on to define the precise meaning of those mens rea words. Where a statute is silent as to the mens rea for an offence, the courts must decide as a matter of general principle or statutory interpretation what level or type of mens rea applies. The only situation in which the presumption can be displaced is where the statute is concerned with an issue of social concern, and public safety is such as issue. Strict liability has often been imposed in regulatory offences concerning social concern and public safety, such as licensing, pollution, health and safety, driving offences, environmental offences, public health offences. Even where a statute is concerned with such an issue, the presumption of mens rea stands unless it can also be shown that the creation of strict liability will be effective to promote the objects of the statute by encouraging greater vigilance to prevent the commission of the prohibited act. In Lim Chin Aik v R, the defendant had been convicted under the immigration laws of Singapore by remaining there (after entry) when he had been prohibited of entering. The aim of the law was to prevent illegal immigration. The defendant had no knowledge of the prohibition order and there was no evidence that the authorities had attempted to bring the prohibition order to his notice. Since there was nothing D could have done to determine whether a order had been made against him and thus ensure compliance with the relevant legislation, the Privy Council ordered that the offence was not one of strict liability because it did nothing to promote enforcement of the law. What policies are behind the creation of absolute and strict liability? It is said that the imposition of strict liability encourages greater observance of and compliance with law, and this is particularly important where matters of public safety, public health and public welfare are concerned. High standards can be achieved and maintained only if those conducting activities involving risks to safety, health, the environment and so on are made to feel that it is not enough just to take reasonable care; they must take all possible care. Secondly, it is said that strict liability, by relieving the prosecution of the task of investigating and proving mens rea against an alleged offender, enhances the efficiency of our administrative and judicial systems. In HIN LIN YEE ANOR v HKSAR, Ribeiro PJ pointed out a reason in particular why absolute liability should be created. Absolute liability can impose duty on a person (which may be a corporate body) where the conduct or task which is the subject of the duty is in practice likely to be carried out by someone else, such as an employee or a contractor. It makes it insufficient for the employer passively to assert an honest and reasonable belief. It promotes proactive management and diligent supervision on his part to see that the duty is in fact being properly discharged. How do the concepts of absolute and strict liability assist or hinder the Prosecution, the Accused and the Court in a criminal trial? The concept assists the prosecution in a criminal trial since it relieves the prosecutor of the virtual impossibility of proving intent or knowledge of the wrongful conduct, particularly where the defendant was a company rather than an individual. No significant hindrance is observed for prosecution in regard to the application of concept. The concept assists the accused in a criminal trial since strict liability draw a clear line between legality and illegality, which may reduce the information cost for the general public to determine whether he is guilty or not. Unnecessary legal fee may also be saved in this regard. On the other hand, the concept hinders the accused in a criminal trial since it impose liability on people who have taken all possible steps to prevent the offence being committed and should not be blameworthy. The onus of proof is also reversed to the defendant side. The concept assists the court in a criminal trial since it allows the court to strike down the many bogus defense that would otherwise succeed if excusable ignorance or mistake were always accepted as defense. On the other hand, the concept hinders the court in a criminal trial since the courts need to engage in time consuming debates about whether the legislature intended strict or absolute liability to apply. The difficulties in identifying strict liability offences can be seen from the inconsistent attitude and decisions. Also, the court need to justify the creation of strict liability does not per see contravene with the Bill of Rights. [SO WAI LUN v HKSAR [2006] HKCU 1195]

Essay --

The Age of Revolution †¢ A period of political upheaval beginning with the American Revolution, leading through the French Revolution, and ending at around 1848 †¢ Caught up many social groups with diverse motives Forces of Change †¢ Three forces were working to shatter Europe’s calm by the mid-18th century o Cultural ï‚ § Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued for a government based on a general will o Ongoing commercialization ï‚ § Businesspeople challenge the idea that only aristocrats should hold high office o All social levels ï‚ § The population revolution was partly the result of better border policing, which reduced the movement of disease bearing animals ï‚ § Improved nutrition, due to the introduction of the potato †¢ Led to reduced death rates ï‚ § Increase in population leads upper class families to tighten their grip on existing offices †¢ Consequently it becomes harder for non-aristocrats to gain a high post †¢ Population pressure drove many people into the working class, which led to the creation of motives for protest †¢ Population growth sparks a rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing in western...

The Five People You Meet In Heaven :: essays research papers

Eddie is a grizzled war veteran who feels trapped in a meaningless life of fixing rides at a seaside amusement park. As the park has changed over the years -- from the Loop-the-Loop to the Pipeline Plunge -- so, too, has Eddie changed, from optimistic youth to embittered old age. His days are a dull routine of work, loneliness, and regret. Then, on his 83rd birthday, Eddie dies in a tragic accident, trying to save a little girl from a falling cart. With his final breath, he feels two small hands in his -- and then nothing. He awakens in the afterlife, where he learns that heaven is not a lush Garden of Eden, but a place where five people who were in it explain your earthly life to you. These people may have been loved ones or distant strangers. Yet each of them changed your path forever. One by one, Eddie's five people illuminate the unseen connections of his earthly life. As the story builds to its stunning conclusion, Eddie desperately seeks redemption in the still-unknown last act of his life: Was it a heroic success or a devastating failure? The answer, which comes from the most unlikely of sources, is as inspirational as a glimpse of heaven itself. These five meetings -- some of which are with people who are strangers to Eddie, others with people he knows intimately -- take this gruff but gentle man through the different stages of his life, and through each new person, some hidden truth is revealed. As Albom unfolds Eddie's story, he gradually sheds light on the web of connections between each individual and a world of strangers, so that life is revealed not as a straightforward story of what we have achieved but as a vast network, too large for us to perceive clearly from the inside.

Gross National Product :: essays research papers

Gross National Product GNP Top 10 (2004) (currency exchange rate)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Country  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GNP ($ mill) 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United States 10,945,792 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japan 4,389,791 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany 2,084,631 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United Kingdom 1,680,300 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  France 1,523,025 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  China 1,417,301 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Italy 1,242,978 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada 756,770 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spain 698,208 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mexico 637,159 Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of final goods and services produced in a year by domestically owned factors of production. Final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed rather than used in the production of another good. For example, a car sold to a consumer is a final good; the components such as tires sold to the car manufacturer are not; they are intermediate goods used to make the final good. The same tires, if sold to a consumer, would be a final good. Only final goods are included when measuring national income. If intermediate goods were included too, this would lead to double counting; for example, the value of the tires would be counted once when they are sold to the car manufacturer, and again when the car is sold to the consumer. Only newly produced goods are counted. Transactions in existing goods, such as second-hand cars, are not included, as these do not involve the production of new goods. Income is counted as part of GNP according to who owns the factors of production rather than where the production takes place. For example, in the case of a German-owned car factory operating in the US, the profits from the factory would be counted as part of German GNP rather than US GNP because the capital used in production (the factory, machinery, etc.) is German owned. The wages of the American workers would be part of US GNP, while the wages of any German workers on the site would be part of German GNP. Gross Domestic Product GDP Top 10 (2004) (currency exchange rate)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Country  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GDP ($ mill) 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United States  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10,435,284 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  China  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5,409,852 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4,326,444 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,400,655 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United Kingdom  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,794,858 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  France  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,747,973 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Italy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,465,895 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  958,390 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  836,100 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mexico  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  626,888 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year. GDP counts income according to where it is earned rather than who owns the factors of production. In the above example, all of the income from the car factory would be counted as US GDP rather than German GDP. To convert from GNP to GDP you must subtract factor income receipts from foreigners that correspond to goods and services produced abroad using factor inputs supplied by domestic sources. To convert from GDP to GNP you must add factor input payments to foreigners that correspond to goods and services produced in the domestic country using the factor inputs supplied by foreigners.

How Wwii Effected the Indian Independence Movement

Rebecca Martinez 18 November 2012 Professor Sutherland ANTH 4002 World War II’s Impact on the Indian Independence Movement The success of the Indian Independence movement is, by some scholars, largely attributed to efforts of Mahatma Gandhi. As stated by BBC, â€Å"Gandhi was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, and is widely considered the father of his country† (India. wikia. com). However, this revolutionary movement, a dream that had been growing since the mid nineteenth century, was the infusion of a wide spectrum of Indian political organizations, philosophies, and rebellions.For example, the events and aftermath of the Second World War posed an economic crisis and political confrontation that transformed nationalism and colonialism for many colonies, including India. Even less credit is given to the various international events that shaped the movement, as well as those involved. Regardless of the divisions in Indian nationalist eff orts, both in support and against violence, they all contained one common goal: independence from Britain.Were historians correct in their proposition that India’s independence was largely attributed to Gandhi’s peaceful anti-war efforts, or were Gandhi’s strategies ultimately ineffective? If proven effective, should India’s rapid progress in independence during World War II be seen as affected most by Gandhi, or were bigger actors involved? I believe that the source of India’s successes in their 100-year struggle for independence should not be correlated with one man.Rather, by paying close attention to key events, powerful political players, critical economic changes, and motivating political factors from around the globe during this period, historians will gain a better understanding of how India’s independence movement was rapidly accelerated, and ultimately successful, during the period surrounding World War II. When war initially broke out in September of 1939, Britain’s grip on India was as fierce and stubborn as ever (Bose and Jalal, 130).Although Congress leadership in India implored Great Britain to define their war aim before declaring India’s support, viceroy Linlithgow avowed the British Indian Empire a belligerent against the axis powers without consulting prominent Indian leaders (Bose and Jalal, 130). Once it became clear that the British were unconcerned with Indian nationalist aspirations, the entire Congress leadership resigned from the local government councils in protest. However, this protest was not simply an opposition to Britain’s decision.Many Indian nationalists believed that Britain’s fight for democracy and freedom in the Second World War contradicted their rule over a multitude of colonies (wiki. com). Mahatma Gandhi, for example, termed Britain's â€Å"war to save democracy† as hypocrisy since it was denying democratic rights and individual liberties to Indians (wiki. com). Despite the atrocities faced by Indians under British rule, many Indians supported the British war effort and fought with the Allied Forces.In hopes that the British would leave India after the Second World War, the Indian National Congress cooperated with the British war efforts, making the British Indian Army was one of the largest volunteer forces during the war (India. wikia. com). However, when it became clear the Britain had no intention of relenting their hold India after the war, Gandhi called for a determined but passive resistance to foster a peaceful negotiation with the British government.Ultimately, Gandhi and the Congress Party proposed a â€Å"Quit India Movement,† which declared that if the British did not accede to the demands for Indian independence, a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched (Bose and Jalal, 133). However, once Britain arrested the top Congress Party leaders, the Quit India Movement fizzed out entirely before it eve n had a chance to gather steam.That being said, although Mahatma Gandhi’s initial civil disobedience movements were driving forces that ultimately shaped the cultural, religious, and political unity of a Indian diverse nation, they did not have a significant impact on Indian independence following the Second World War. Although history’s spotlight for Indian nationalist ideas during this time is set on Gandhi, the fight for freedom during World War II saw the rise of two independence movements. Some leaders of the revolutionary Indian independence movement collaborated with the Axis powers to overthrow the British Raj.Although largely ignored by historians, the Azad Hind movement, in collaboration with Japanese forces, successfully created the Indian National Army in 1942. Indian military alliances with Axis nations also included the Legion Freies Indien in Nazi Germany and the Battaglione Azad Hindoustan in Fascist Italy (wiki. com). Although Adolf Hitler saw Indians as racially inferior and had no interest in India’s future, he believed that if India gained its independence it could become a valuable ally of the Axis powers and help it gain dominance in the Indian Ocean area (Kumar).As a result, Germany and Japan actively provided support to Indian independence movement leaders. The Indian Nation Army, led by Subhash Chandra Bose, was based on the principle that â€Å"An enemy's enemy is a friend† (India. wikia. com). Bose also formed what came to be known as the Azad Hind Government, with Indian prisoners of war and Indian expatriates in South-East Asia, with the help of the Japanese (Bose and Jalal, 134). Its aim was to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolts among Indian soldiers to defeat the Raj (Bose and Jalal, 134).However, due to poor arms and supplies from the Japanese and lack of support and training, the Indian National Army and entire Azad Hind ultimately failed. Althoug h defeated, Bose’s initiative gave hope to the Indian public and turned the support and loyalty of the native soldiers of the British Indian Forces from the crown to the Indian National Army soldiers. In doing so, the British Army, whose ultimate goal was to replace the loyalty of Indian soldiers to the crown, was replaced by the Indian National Army (Bose and Jalal, 134).Bose also succeeded in developing a larger participation and unity in the Indian community, one that crossed religious and gender boundaries, than Mahatma Gandhi’s Quit India movement. In his book The Indian Struggle, Bose described his first meeting with Gandhi in 1921, â€Å"there was a deplorable lack of clarity in the plan which the Mahatma had formulated and that he himself had no clear idea of the successive stages of the campaign which would bring India to her cherished goal of freedom† (Kumar).However, although Bose’s efforts did aid India’s independence movement, it did n ot create an impact large enough for historians to declare its actions as the main source of India’s accelerated independence. The most effective factor in Indian independence during World War II, therefore, could not have been the result of Indian nationalist efforts. It was British prime minister Clement Atlee who, when granting independence to India, said that Gandhi’s non-violence movement had next to zero effect on the British.In corroboration, Chief Justice P. B. Chakrabarty of the Kolkata High Court, disclosed the following in a letter addressed to the publisher of Ramesh Chandra Majumdar’s book A History of Bengal, â€Å"You have fulfilled a noble task by persuading Dr. Majumdar to write this history of Bengal and publishing it †¦ In the preface of the book Dr. Majumdar has written that he could not accept the thesis that Indian independence was brought about solely, or predominantly by the non-violent civil disobedience movement of Gandhi.When I w as the acting Governor, Lord Atlee, who had given us independence by withdrawing the British rule from India, spent two days in the Governor’s palace at Calcutta during his tour of India. At that time I had a prolonged discussion with him regarding the real factors that had led the British to quit India. My direct question to him was that since Gandhi’s â€Å"Quit India† movement had tapered off quite some time ago and in 1947 no such new compelling situation had arisen that would necessitate a hasty British departure, why did they have to leave?In his reply Atlee cited several reasons, the principal among them being the erosion of loyalty to the British Crown among the Indian army and navy personnel as a result of the military activities of Netaji [Subhash Chandra Bose]. Toward the end of our discussion I asked Atlee what was the extent of Gandhi’s influence upon the British decision to quit India. Hearing this question, Atlee's lips became twisted in a sarcastic smile as he slowly chewed out the word, â€Å"m-i-n-i-m-a-l! †(Kumar).In reality, the political confrontations and negotiations between Indian nationalists and the British were immensely influenced by an atmosphere of deepening economic crisis. In the aftermath of World War II, Britain’s economy was destroyed to such an extent that they were no longer able to financially maintain their military forces, making Great Britain incapable of containing the incessant freedom movements in their colonies. Therefore, due to its collapsed economy, Great Britain would have left India much later than they did after World War II, regardless of Gandhi, Bose, or any nationalist leader.The most influential character in India’s independence, therefore, would evidently be Adolf Hitler. Despite his selfish reasons for war, Hitler inadvertently created the perfect economic atmosphere needed for the Indian Independence Movement to take flight. Had Hitler not begun World War II, India’s independence, with only nationalist determination as a driving force, would most probably have taken much longer than it did. In the aftermath of World War II, India had increased its political, economic and military influence, which paved the way for its independence from Great Britain in 1947.Although the main factor in Britain’s retreat in India was its economic turmoil, India would not have been able to create or sustain a healthy economy, government, or military without the help of key nationalist leaders. For example, previous tensions between Indian castes were eased by Gandhi, who launched the Haijan movement, a campaign to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God. Gandhi also influenced India’s blossoming political ideology. According to Jim Yardley, â€Å"Gandhi is given full credit for India’s political identity as a tolerant, secular democracy. Likewise, Indian military precedent was also set by Bose in his creation of the Indian National Army. Bose also succeeded in uniting various religious entities in India. For example, when he first three of Bose’s officers to be tried were a Hindu, a Muslim, and a Sikh, Indians of all three religions became united against the British in a national movement against the Indian National Army officers’ trial (india. wikia. com). Nationalist efforts, specifically Mahatma Gandhi, may have not been the leading force in India’s independence in 1947, but it did make independence easier. British historians P.J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins described the hopeless situation of the British in India as follows, â€Å"By the end of war, there was a loss of purpose at the very center of the imperial system. The gentlemanly administrators who managed the Raj no longer had the heart to devise new moves against increasing odds, not least because after 1939 the majority of the Indian Civil Service were themselves Indian. In 1945 t he new Viceroy, Wavell, commented on the â€Å"weakness and weariness of the importance of the instrument still our disposal in the shape of the British element in the Indian Civil Service.The town had been lost to opponents of the Raj; the countryside had slipped beyond control. Widespread discontent in the army was followed in 1946 by a mutiny in the navy. It was then Wavell, the unfortunate messenger, reported to London that India had become ungovernable [which finally led to the independence of India† (Kumar). Furthermore, although the Indian Independence Movement was greatly hastened by Britain’s economic crisis posed during the aftermath of World War II, India’s identity would not be the same without the influential works of Indian nationalists. Works Cited:Bose, Sugata & Jalal, Ayesha. 2011, Modern South Asia: History, Culture Political Economy, Third Edition. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York. http://india. wikia. com/wiki/Indian_In dependence_Movement http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II Kumar, Susmit. 2012. ‘Hitler, NOT Gandhi, Should Be Given Credit for the Independence of India in 1947’, [Online] Available at: http://www. susmitkumar. net/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=100&Itemid=86 Yardley, Jim. 2010, ‘Obama Invokes Gandhi, Whose Ideal Eludes India. ’ New York Times. 6, Nov.

Pain Measured Visual Analogue Scale Health And Social Care Essay

The re idea of link up literature is a indispensable facets of scientific investigate. Its entails the systematic designation, contemplation, overcritical analysis and coverage of bing information in relation to the job of involvement. The intent of reappraisal of literature is to m early(a) comprehensive comprehension and in insight information slightly the effectiveness of ambulation on correct matriarchal cling to decrease of pain in the neck perceptual have intercourse, publication of crunch during starting railway contour of project.The intent of reappraisal literature is to obtain comprehensive cognition and in depth information ab away the potency of ambulation on motherly harbor, hurt perceptual devour & A progeny of crunch.The literature self-collected from sole reappraisal is depicted chthonic the undermenti superstard header.Section A literature link up to trouble perceptual date during low class of repulse.Section B belles-lettres re p osthumousd to assorted enate jams for enate puff, pain in the neck perceptual experience and final result of wear upon during eldest manakin of bear on.Section C books related to ambulation to check paternal encourage, result of agitate and abridge passel nuisance perceptual experience.Section D Literature related to non pharmacologic cause to be perceived easement methods during forthset point of grasp for motherly still, pain in the neck perceptual experience and result of fatigue.Section A Literature related to trouble perceptual experience during front signifier of childbed.Campbell & A Kurtz ( 2004 ) conducted a descriptive surveil characterized the industry cause to be perceived at cardinal classs of cervical distension with selected collection 78 travail pistillate p arnts and compared the painful sensation experienced at 2 arranges of distention ( 2-5 atomic number 96 and of 6-10 atomic number 96 ) with declamatory effemina tes in Greenville. Stage s of nuisance monetary standardd by optic Analogue Scale, resign imposition Intensity, and the McGill distressingness Questionnaire, and 1 data-based step, the nurse-rated Behavioural major power of Pain. The critique consequences revealed that on that point was important admission in hurting with increased dilation occurred for either womanish parents twain tight-laced and multigravidas. He reason that savvy hurting was equalin primi gravida than the multigravidas.Lopez & A Pires ( 2000 ) conducted the randomize keep prepare check over was designed to neb the alliance surrounded by the parturients luff and her abdominal and lumbar ( uninterrupted and contraction ) hurting during the first phase of agitate. A homogenous assemblage of 100 parturients was selected in obstetric surgical incision of a general hospital, Argentina. Samples were willy-nilly depute to replenishmently presume the horizontal or the perpendicular beam for 15-min periods. Positions were safely selected by the parturients. Therefore, the effeminate parent adopted ( a ) a self-elected quad, ( B ) recum hardening ( or erect ) , ( full stop Celsius ) a self-elected brand, ( vitamin D ) erect ( or recumbent ) , and so on. Pain strength was striped by the Argentine Pain Questionnaire s Present Pain Intensity and the Huskisson s optical collimate receive plug-in. The reclaimings revealed that a spate of parturients felt less abdominal and lumbar hurting, both uninterrupted or collectable to contractions, during recumbency. The consequence was more singular when dilation exceeded five centimeters and less intense during the first half of the first phase of labor party. He cerebrate that center whitethorn facilitative to deoxidize fine-tune the hurting degree during first phase of labor.Mikolajczyk, Sundaram & A caster Fraser ( 2010 ) conducted a study position in aimed to analyze labor forms in a big population and to question an alternate attack for naming unnatural undertaking patterned advance. The field of study were selected sum of 26,838 parturient, who had a singleton term gestation, self-generated oncoming of labor, summit presentation, and a radiation pattern antenatal result in Maryland. An interval-censored arrested development method was utilise.The consequences revealed that Nulliparous cock-a-hoop distaffs had longest and most gra twofold labor curve and get refine the combat-ready storey by and by 5 centimeter of cervical dilation and may non needfully hold a clear participating stage and multiparous prominent females of divers(prenominal) paras had really similar curves. Researcher concluded that agile stage of labor may non get round until 5 centimeters of cervical dilation in multiparous and charge later in nulliparous and later 6 centimeter distension merely the emanation in all gestation during labor.Niven & A Gijsbers ( 2004 ) conducted the exploratory critique aimed to analyze the nature, beginning, and strength of hurting get bying schemes apply during childgiving stomach with 51 British adult females was respected close to the clip of birth. Pain was amount of moneyd by ocular parallel graduated tables and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Analysis of informations obtained in an drawn- bulge semi-structured interview. Subjects were assemble to utilize a scope of schemes during labor, umteen of which they had antecedently used to get by with hurting. In findings that the entire figure of schemes used in labor was negatively correlated with degrees of labor hurting.Section B Literature related to assorted agnate grades for paternalistic comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor during first phase of laborAndrews CM & A chrzanowski ( 1985 ) Conduct a randomise clinical foot race to flier the paternal comfort by give assorted best empowers in 40 laboring adult females s randomly assign to either replete(p) recumbent place. During the stage of supreme incline of labor. When the cervical distension from 4cm to 9cm, either hr during the stage of maximum incline. The seek prole examined each pattern vaginally to find her cervical distension and assessed her degree of comfort by utilizing maternal comfort appraisal tool the adult females in vertical place congregation had significantly shorter stage of maximal incline of in labor and easing uterine contractions & A increase comfort to the female parent.Bauer et Al ( 1987 ) Conducted a comparative sketch to measure the do of standing place and supine place on self-generated uterine contractions and other facets of labor in 20 regulation term female parents they were presumptuousness by standing and supine place feebleness versa with the clip duration of 30 proceedingss the enquiry proletarian examined each sample every(prenominal) 30 proceedingss for cervical distension and hurting perceptual experience. The question histrion comprise that the strength of contractions was significantly higher in 15 let on of 20 female parents in standing place frequence of contraction diminished and Reduced duration of labor.the enquiry proletarian concluded that in that respect is no inauspicious effects and complications in standing place during labor.Carlson ( 1999 ) in an denomination a check out by supp manufacturing different maternal places to measure the comfort position foetal place ejaculate & A duet ion of labor. In 80 gravida I unsophisticated female parents. The places elect by female parents. The search thespian assemble that the different places im buildd maternal comfort & A foetal turn turn out semen. & A course down distance of labor.Chen shin-zon ( 2003 ) in an denomination declared that a survey to measure the effectiveness of academic session place on ride hurting during first phase of poke.the investigate proletarian be that in sitting place the increa sed resting force per unit of measurement area in the sitting place is of some importance in the supplementing the down ward bringing force and change magnitude bearing down force per unit area in the sitting place could assist to significantly shorten the continuance.Gupta et Al ( 2000 ) In an article tell survey To measure the safe birth good maternal & A fetal out cut by proviso perpendicular places at Birmingham adult females s hospital Edgbaston, UK the places adopted natively by adult females during birth has been described as early 1882 by Engel am. The look prole found that by supplying assorted vertical places standardized keeping Rope, delivering chair, hardhearted, crouching the female parent result hold safe birth rock-bottom perinatal jobs.Liu ( 2003 ) conducted a descriptive survey to measure the cut down continuance of labor by supplying up respectable places in 68 primi gravida female parents betwixt the age of 18 to 25 old ages were assigned to collar root words. star stem used a 30 grade unsloped place with no bearing down instructions and second pigeonholing used a 30 unsloped place with bearing down instructions the investigate thespian found that the unsloped place enhanced the decline caput with shorter continuance of labor in both first and 2nd phase of labor.May berry et Al ( 2003 ) in an article stated descriptive survey to measure the facilitating advancement of labor by supplying assorted unsloped places. At New York university. The survey sample is 74 laboring healthy adult females. provide unsloped places for all adult females. The investigate histrion founded that easing advancement of ride decrease of vaginal hemorrhage reveal neonatal out semen.Miquelutti et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a explanatory survey to measure the potency of unsloped place during first phase of labor during first phase of labor to better obstetrical and perinatal result. The enquiry player allotted 50 quaternary adult females for observational assembly. They were give unsloped place and other 50 three adult females in command sort out they were given supine place.the difference surrounded by two groups were evaluated by utilizing I2 leave coxon and fishers exact trials significance was p & lt 0.05 hazard ratio is 95 % . The seek prole concluded that the unsloped place during first phase of labor give cut down continuance of labor.Roberts et Al ( 2005 ) stated that systematic reappraisal to cut down submissive bringing by supplying up right places during campaign.in kernel for perinatal wellness in Sydney.the survey participles were 281 gravida I female parents in that 166 observational group provident up right places & A its verify group in accumbent place each remains is analysed by utilizing meta analytic techniques. The inquiry prole concluded that the up right place during bear on important decrease of instrumental bringing & A continuance of work perinatal combat injury & A bleeding.Roberts & A Malasonos ( 2003 ) conducted a randomised clinical test by supplying sitting in a chair and a posture lying to measure the maternal comfort & A uterine efficiency among 19 gravida I female parents alternated between these two places at 30 minute interval for as long possible during wear locating place during early labor cervical distension less than 6cm and evasion on their side in late labor cervical distension great than 6cm . The search prole found the uterine efficaciousness less in the locating place than in side lying place and anyways locating place go away better maternal comfort.Sandi ( 2001 ) conducted dual blind survey to measure the continuance of labor by supplying unsloped place in selected parturient at the Negress oriental provincial infirmary the research thespian provided 45 degree unsloped place the aestivator found that Reduce maximal length of labor in both first & A 2nd phase of labor and good new innate(p) out comes.S treamer et Al ( 2005 ) conducted that disarrange withstand test of evaluate the circular motion of fetal caput by supplying Hands & A knee places for occipito posterior place to occipita anterior during labor. In 13 comprehend units in university attillated infirmary survey participates were 147 laboring adult females with a occipito posterior place in that 70 were custodies keep place at to the lowest degree 30 min over per 1hour the observational group and 77 were ensure group. ( No custodies knee positioning ) The research worker used extremist echography to happen out fetal caput rotary motion. channelise rotary motion following one hr. The research worker conclude that the observational group had important decrease in relentless approve hurting, changing of fetal caput to occipito posterior to occipito anterior place and other results like decreased in effect(predicate) bringing and decreased perennial injury and also good foetal out semen. And the authority grou p have the comparative hazard of operative bringing.vino kiln spectators ( 2003 ) stated that instance restraint survey to measure the maternal and neonatal out come by supplying assorted places. At section of OBs & A gynecology of the university infirmary viema between 1997 -2002 entire survey participants were 714 travail adult females. 307 adult females were control group supplying supine place & A 307 were experimental group supplying unsloped places ( crouching & A other alternate birth places. The analysis was restricted to 37 hebdomads normal sized fetus & A cephalic persecution with out any medical ( or ) obstetrical hazard the research worker found that unsloped place associated with good effects such as a lower rate of episiotomy, and decreased physical exertion of medical analgesia & A Pitocin.Section C Literature related to ambulation to better maternal comfort, result of labor and cut down hurting perceptual experienceHemmiki et Al ( 1985 ) conducted a pilot survey to measure the maternal comfort & A length of labor by supplying ambulation vs. oxytocin disposal. The research worker selected 50 seven female parents indiscriminately assigned control group & A experimental group.the research worker used as randomized control test for this survey. the research worker provided ambulation for experimental group & A oxytocin for control group. In experimental group 60 % of the adult females in the ambulation delivered their babes with out Pitocin. The add up length of first and 2nd phase of labor was reduced and besides they had optimistic results on the other manus the control group.they are experienced stronger contractions before forcing and besides enduring from strong contractions. The research worker finds that ambulation exit better maternal comfort, out semen of labor & A fall length of labor.Lawrence et Al ( 2009 ) conducted a randomised clinical test to measure maternal comfort & A change magnitude length of labor by supply ing manner of walking and unsloped places at Townsville infirmary Queensland Australia with the sample of 3706 pregnant gravida I female parents they were utilizing random and quasi random trying for comfort and experimental group in experimental group who are different unsloped place and walking the research worker concluded that the first phase of labor about one hr shorter than in a recumbent places and other results labour it will increase good creation of female parents & A fetusLupe et Al ( 1986 ) in an article stated that assess the consequence of ambulation during first phase of labor to cut down length of labor.and besides it will rush the advancement of labour.ambulation will better maternal satisfaction, and besides it will better maternal and fetal out semen. The research worker describe the ambulation reported the ambulation during labor will better greater maternal comfort and ability to turn out labors and ability to digest labor hurting, lessening usage of anest hesia and analgesia.Read ja mitter et Al ( 1981 ) conducted a comparative survey to measure the effectivity of ambulation versus oxytocin disposal on better labour advancement. The research worker selected 14 female parents ( who failed augmentation in active stage of labor ) assigned octonary female parents in experimental group, they were given ambulation and six female parents in control group, they were given oxytocin extract.the research worker used telemetry to supervise maternal and fetal status in foetus squeeze rate and activity in female parent station of the caput, cervical distension, uterine activity contraction, frequence and efficaciousness. The consequences included labour advancement significantly better in ambulant group the research worker concluded that ambulation is sound than oxytocin.Souja et Al ( 2006 ) in an article a survey to measure to cut down the length of the first phase of labor by supplying ambulation and unsloped places at Brazil the research wor ker used Randomised control tests carried to measure the consequence of ambulation the research worker found that the ambulation in the first phase of labor will better maternal comfort & A cut down the length of labor.Stewart & A caldera ( 1984 ) conducted a survey meta analysis to measure the effectivity of maternal position on the advancement of labor. The research worker selected 275 labour adult females are indiscriminately assigned as control group and experimental group, control group were non given any specific place and experimental group were given ambulation. radio telemetry was used to place fetal bosom rate the consequences included in ambulatory group shorter stage of labor and had maternal satisfaction, relived from hurting. The research worker concluded that at that place were significantly shorter labour stage of labour stage in ambulation group.William et Al ( 1980 ) conducted a clinical test to measure the effectivity of ambulation during first phase of labor on improve maternal and fetal result. The research worker selected 48 parturient female parents as experimental group they were given ambulation and a nonher 55mothers are control group they were non given any ambulation. The consequences include the experimental group ( who are given ambulation ) shows improve maternal comfort, cut down hurting and better maternal and fetal result. The research worker concluded that the ambulation in first phase of labor will better maternal and fetal out semen.Wilson mi et al ( 2009 ) conducted a comparitive survey to measure the maternal comfort & A cut down instrumental bringing at Royal Hallam shire infirmary U.K on 1052 gravida I female parents. The research worker divided in to two groups. Ambulation for experimental group extradural anesthesia for control group the research worker found that there is difference in experimental group than control group ambulation will better maternal comfort & A Reduce length of labor.Section D Literature related to non pharmacological hurting relief methods during first phase of labor for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor.Labreque & A Novmen ( 2000 ) conducted a randomized survey to measure the effectivity of non pharmacologic attacks to eternal sleep the low guts hurting. The probe selected a sample of 30 four adult females by utilizing three non pharmacological attacks line intradermal saline body of water injections, trans dermal electrical nervus stimulations, standard upkeep including back massage, whirl pool john and broad mobilization. The research worker indiscriminately assigned 1 of 3 interventions. The research worker used ocular parallel graduated table.The adult females s were self evaluated both strength and effectual. The research worker used to measure satisfaction by utilizing labour a aristocracy graduated table and bringing satisfaction index. The consequences included. The adult females received intradermal unfertile H2O injections group. Unpleasantness of hurting lower than standard help group. While the teens group ( P= 0.01 and P= .003 ) similar consequences were observed for strength P= .01 and unpleasantness P=.03 hurting assessed merely forward bringing.The research worker found that there is no important difference between all 3 group only if first group has received back hurting during labor.Lee & A Chang Jiang bent ( 2000 ) conducted a quantitative survey to measure the effectivity sp6 shiatsu on labor hurting and bringing clip in labour the research worker selected randomized clinical test at university connected infirmary with the sample size of 75 labour adult females indiscriminately assigned n=36 were experimental group n=39 were control group harmonizing to para, cervical distension, rupture of membranes and labour phase. the research worker include 30 proceedingss shiatsu on sp6 acupoint was performed labour hurting was metric four times utilizing structured questionnaire and ocular parallel graduated table. at one time aft(prenominal) intercession and 30-60minutes after intercession there were significantly difference between the group in subjective labor hurting tonss at all clip points instantly after intercessions ( p=0.012 ) 30 proceedingss after intercession ( p=0.021 ) and 60 proceedingss after intercession ( p=0.012 ) the entire labor was significantly shorter in experimental group. The research worker concluded that sp6 acupressure was effectual in diminishing labor hurtingSimkin & A Ohra ( 2004 ) Conducted a qualitative survey to measure the effectivity of non pharmacological methods on labor hurting alleviation maternal satisfaction other obstetric labor. By giving non pharmacologic hurting alleviation methods. At North America in selected infirmaries. The probe used five non pharmacological methods. Those are continuos labour support, touch, bath massage, maternal motion and posters. And intra cuticular H2O blocks for back hurting allevia tion. The probe found that all methods are effectual to cut down labor hurting.Increase, maternal comfort and out semen of labor.Toumarie & A Theauyomeau ( 1982 ) In an article on G-Jo on labor hurting alleviation.the research worker used randomized control test for survey to use G-Jo over lumbosacral country during first phase of labour the research worker found that the G-Jo will relief from labour hurting during first phase of labour destruction usage of anodynes.Water & A cultivator ( 2002 ) Conducted a survey to measure the effectivity of ice massage on labor hurting the research worker selected Latino and white pre labour adult females as a survey sample. The research worker used ice massage of the G-Jo energy meridian point big bowel and ( L 14 ) to cut down labour hurting during contractions ( L 14 ) is located at median value mid point of tegument between pollex and forward finger. The research worker chosen pre & A post prove design and which used 100 mm ocular para llel graduated table and MC Gill pain questionnaire graded numerically, verbally to mensurate hurting degrees. Participants remark a hurting decrease repute on the VAS of 28.22 on the leftfield manus & A 11.93 millimeter on the right manus. The research worker concluded that ice massage is a safe, effectual, not invasive method of cut toss off labour hurting.

Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay

Change is portion of every organisation. Every decennary informants autumn of a great organisation. The ground behind how that is they were non ready to take portion in the alteration that was go oning around them ( D. Ambani laminitis, Chairman Reliance Group Ltd ) .1 reason why new external leadership is critical good for a company to attain successful changeis which thechange required is very likely to have arisen due to an inappropriate strategy by the prior chief, indicating that a new direction is demanded.2: – Why do we necessitate alter direction?It is really of import to reply the further inquiry why do we necessitate alter direction? Change direction has attributes rather similar to Organizational Development. Than why is at deeds that place a demand to develop a new profession? Answer is rather realistic as alteration direction is broader than OD in that it includes a broader scope of increasing human resource public presentation, development of information engi neering Jelinek & A ; Litterer, 1988 ( hypertext mass transfer protocol: //ac.aua.am/gohar_grigoryan/Public/Fuller/273.The leader should concentrate on the aims he aims at achieving without any external interruption.

2. ‘Royal Mail ‘ Introduction2.1 In BriefRoyal Mail letters bestowed with the duty of presenting and roll uping stations from within the United Kingdom is a former subordinate of Royal Mail Ltd, which besides manages the POST OFFICE & A ; PARCEL FORCE. Attained its separate human individuality in the twelvemonth 1986 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.Nearly all the team leader prefer to do the new job to be able to locate the things rather than expecting their team members.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) .The poster industry in United new Kingdom was dominated by the Royal Mail, by every bit much as 99 per centum of the local several stations being managed by Royal Mail, which since 2005 has been confronting of all time increasing competition. Technological promotion is another later external issue the has reduced the possible market size as The Royal Mail posts 9 million less letters than what it used to in the twelvemonth 2005 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //new s.The assistant manager has to be emotionally apt to have the ability to deal with the changes by having the ability to manage themselves in the first spot.

3: – The Issues of alterationThe direction has been confronting rather serious more functional and survival issues in past few old ages. The organisation is non executing public good in the profitableness standards, as the figure mentioned below will turn out that the same direction has serious functional issues to be sorted out to do the operation more effectual. Ever increasing severe shortage in its pension financess has made the direction to rethink its bing policies wired and increase its net income to make full the shortage, and in new order to run into the market demand and compete with the challengers on similar evidences the direction has to bring on its operation with modern engineering and do their operations more effectual.3.Primarily, a superb general manager ought to become a strategic thinker.stm ) . It faced serious issues associating to its traditional methods of screening and delivering, which were critically evaluated to be the premier cause of its los ingss. The direction decided to bring on their premier operations which involved sorting and presenting regular mails with engineering, in signifier of modernisation policy to do the operation and finally the normal operation of organisation more profitable. The losingss were so terrible that the proposal was passed in the hosiery of common to soft sell the major interest of Royal Mail to do privatize its operation ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.Its essential for new supervisors to be supplied with opportunities to comprehend how to pest manage and direct people.

3. 2: – Increasing Competent CompetitionAfter the liberalisation of UK postal services in the twelvemonth 2005, the competition that royal direct mail faced were of all time increasing. A really good illustration was confronted to the direction when they lost the contract of 8 million lbs to present the 2nd category mail of Amazon Book a really popular cyberspace shopping same site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.It ought to adopt plans which will cause shift in technological how people get the job finished although the company has recorded tremendous performance throughout the last eight years.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6768983.stm ) .Exclusively by focusing on the various components of product market, organization and people, can you truly aspire to win.

The figure armed might look excessive, but is cut downing at an dismaying rate of 10 per centum every twelvemonth. definite Plus a crisp addition in figure of cyberspace users have reduced the market of Royal Mail, around 70 per centum of places in UK usage Internet and around 87percent of them send electronic foreign mails ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.Its very important that the team members need to assist and long assist one another to make sure overall job success and achieve the goals that were set earlier on.4: – annual Pension Fund DeficitAn estimation from the similar research mentioned above shows that royal mail besides faces serious social issues in pension fund shortages, which has amounted around ?8 billion ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.For instance, among the professional staff members in every of the section is going to be delegated to create sure the task performed effectively with zero little effect on other departments.

Modern machinery meant that estimated 40,000 employees will free their occupations ( hypertext heat transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.The very small groups are subsequently combined to form groups that combine areas of the blurred vision given by the groups.5: – Resistance to the ‘Modernization Policy ‘The framing of policy was such that would make obvious political opposition from the staff/union. The policy execution estimated around 40,000 occupation cuts, which increased to around 63,000 in the twelvemonth 2010 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.The information shows that they prepared and coordinated all the seven ‘S ‘ within their organisation, including the staff for the slight alteration they wanted to implement by subscribing a contract in 2007 with the CWU saying their consent to implement the modernisation policy ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7038899.

Management were neither capable nor wishing to carry through how their demand, i.e.Pay rise that would do their wage equal to the national norm ( which would be about 27 % ) .Addition in pensions support and installations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.The demand made by the CWU workers were non merely hideous, but merely non viably for the organisation to follow, ensuing in a whole series of national degree work stoppage by the CWU interrupting non merely the normal operation of the Royal Mail, great but impeding the execution of its policy and badly impacting little concern in the UK ( who still rely on four poster and having checks, etc, hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8277206.uk/1/hi/business/8345643.stm ) . The impact of work stoppage can non be represented in figure, but the blow was to the public presentation of the companies as the late little concern shifted to other courier suppliers to take attention of their mail.6: – Harmonization between Management logical and the Union.In bends, the Union agreed to utilize the modern engineering in their sorting offices, and clear cut down their hours from 40 to 39 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8556487.