Tb Case Holding

Case Holding -Ensures treatment compliance -Indirectly, this will translate to treatment success or cure -Poor treatment compliance may lead to the following outcomes: oChronic infectious illness oDrug resistance oDeath Poor Case Holding 1. Inadequate drugs and poor drug distribution 2. Patient’s non-adherence 3. Physician’s non-adherence 4. Low motivation of health workers SLU PPMD Unit: Operations PTB Suspect -Cough > 2 weeks with or without the following oFever oHemoptysis oBack pains oWeight loss oEasy fatigability Refer to SLUPPMD unity for sputum AFB smear v PTB YesNo vv TreatRefer to TBDC v Send back to referring physician -Importance of taking the drug -Role of treatment partner in the family -Possible side effects -Regular physical examination Classification of TB cases 1. Pulmonary TB a. Smear positive o>2 (+) sputum AFB + radiographic abnormalities consistent with TB, OR o1 (+) sputum AFB + radiographic abnormalities consistent with active TB as determined by a physician, OR o1 (+) sputum AFB + sputum culture (+) for MTB b. Smear negative o> 3 (-) sputum AFB with radiographic abnormality consistent with active PTB, AND ono response to a course of antibiotics, AND oTBDC decides to treat the patient . Extra-Pulmonary TB (EP) a. A patient with at least one mycobacterial smear/culture positive from an extra-pulmonary site, OR b. A patient with histological &/or clinical evidence consistent with active extra-pulmonary TB and there is a decision by the TBDC to treat the patient with anti-TB drugs. -Note: All EP cases shall undergo DSSM prior to treatment Types of TB Cases -New – no Tx or 2 months -Treatment failure – still (+) on the 5th month -Other – became (+) on 2nd month; interrupted Tx but smear (-) Recommended Category of Treatment Regimen CategoryType of TB PatientTB Treatment Regimen IntensiveContinuation INew smear (+) PTB New smear (-) PTB with extensive parenchymal lesion on CXR (TBDC) EPTB and severe concomitant HIV disease2HRZE4HR IITreatment failure, RAD, relapse, other2HRZES/ HRZE5HRE IIINew smear (-) PTB with minimal parenchymal lesions on CXR (TBDC)2HRZE4HR IVChronic (still smear (+) after supervised re-treatment)Refer to specialized facility or DOTS plus center Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) -Success depends on having a responsible treatment partner. – any of the following could serve as a treatment partner: 1. DOTS facility staff such as midwife or the nurse 2. A trained community member such as the BHW, local government official or former TB patient. Schedule of DSSM Follow-up (Categories I and III) Schedule of DSSM follow-upCategory I (2HRZE/4HR)Category III (2HRZE/4HR) Regular treatment Regular1 month extension Towards the end of 2nd monthYes (if positive)Yes Towards the end of 3rd month(if negative)Yes Towards the end of 4th monthYes Towards the end of 5th monthYes Beginning of 6th monthYes Beginning of 7th monthYes Schedule of DSSM Follow-up (Category II) Schedule of DSSM follow-upCategory II (2HRZES/HRZE/5HRE) Regular Treatment1 month extension Towards the end of 3rd monthYes (if positive) Towards the end of 4th month(if negative)Yes Towards the end of 5th monthYes Towards the end of 6th monthYes Beginning of 8th monthYes Beginning of 9th monthYes Guide in Managing Adverse Reactions to Anti-TB drugs Adverse ReactionsDrug(s) probably responsibleManagement Minor GI intoleranceRHGive meds at HS or small meals Mild skin reactionsAnyGive antihistamines Orange/red color urineRifampicinReassure the patient Pain at the injection siteStreptomycinWarm compress. Rotate sites. Burning sensation in the feet due to neuropathyINHPyridoxine 100-200 mg/day for treatment; 10 mg for prevention Arthralgia due to hyperuricemiaPZAGive ASA/NSAID Flu-like symptomRifampicinGive antipyretics Major Severe skin rashAny (especially Streptomycin)Discontinue anti-TB drugs and refer to DOTS physician JaundiceRHZDiscontinue anti-TB drugs and refer to DOTS physician Impairment of visual acuity – optic neuritisEMBDiscontinue EMB and refer to ophthalmologist Hearing impairmentStreptomycinDiscontinue streptomycin and refer to DOTS physician Psychosis and convulsionINHDiscontinue INH and refer to DOTS physician Thrombocytopenia, anemia and shockRifampicinDiscontinue anti-TB drugs and refer to DOTS physician

Research Qualitative Review

This paper will critique the qualitative study written by Peiters, et al. (2011), which looks at the journey and barriers older women diagnosed with breast cancer must hurdle to receive treatment. This research was to reveal the complexities of breast cancer diagnosis, treatment and life in general for women greater than seventy-years old. To achieve this task, Peiters, et al. , (2011) implemented the constructivist grounded theory. The data analysis approach appropriately utilized for this research was constructivist grounded theory. This theory allows for self reflection during data gathering and analysis, which divulges any influential prejudices that may arise from both researcher and study subject. Influencing this theory is symbolic interactionism which emphasizes ones’ ultimate ambition and the lifelong social synergy that transpires to achieve it (Peiters, et al. , 2011). The recruitment of participants was obtained by posting flyers in public areas in Southern California and two bordering states. The locations targeted were oncology departments, cancer support agencies, oncologist offices, churches, senior community centers, and retirement centers. Newspaper advertisements, as well were used to elicit participation. Purposive and snowballing techniques were utilized. Screening for eligibility, clearly defined, was done via telephone for inclusions which ended with eighteen women all over the age of seventy, completed treatment for treatment for breast cancer within the last three to fifteen months. Informed consent was obtained and interviews took place mainly in homes or apartments lasting up to two and a half hours. One limitation of the study was that second interviews stopped at only ten women and may have excluded valuable new incite to the study, although researchers claim that second interviews revealed no new data, hence implying data saturation. Adequate thick description was given of the participants, setting and study processes to ensure transferability (Polit & Beck, 2012). Interviews were guided by a questionnaire and responses were tape recorded, followed by verbatim transcription. Examples of interview questions were provided for the reader to convey effectiveness of the process (Polit & Beck, 2012). Other helpful tables provided were the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Category schemes revealed are three barriers that theses breast cancer survivors faced, which were lack of information, preexisting co-morbidities and multiple health care appointments. These schemes prove logical for the study as they helped elaborate the purpose of the research. Multiple passages from the participants were extracted to give evidence of well interpreted data and emotional state of the participants. Data analysis was systematic initial coding, followed by focused coding using ATLAS. ti, version 6. to magnify reoccurring data. To create a audit trail, memos, field notes and diagrams were written. Two researchers, one of them being the principle investigator and the other well versed in grounded theory analysis, were responsible for coding and analyzing the data. In nursing the level of evidence provides assurance for the methods that were utilized for the study (Polit & Beck, 2012). This research would qualify as level VI, given that it is a single descriptive, qualitative, physiologic study specific to women aged seventy or older and their journey through life with breast cancer. The goals of this research are affirmed by the extensive detailed interviews of eighteen older women and their struggles with breast cancer. Each participant plummeted through barricades to recieveing health care. The importance of an oncology nurse navigator emerged as a valuable role to help clarify the process of obtaining services for healthcare. Meticulous care was taken in the transcription of taped interviews and explicit excerpts were bestowed to the reader to ensure trustworthiness.

IBIS Technology Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

IBIS Technology Corporation - Essay Example A qualified opinion may be expressed for one or more of the following reasons: The auditor has concluded that there are material but not pervasive misstatements with respect to the appropriateness and application of accounting policies as well as the adequacy of disclosures in the financial statements The auditor cannot obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence on which to base an opinion but concludes that the possible effects could be material but not pervasive, including limitations imposed by management; and circumstances beyond the company’s control. There are uncertainties in relation to whether the company would be able to continue to operate as a going concern During the course of an audit it is a requirement that the auditors take into consideration the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern assumption in the preparation of the financial statements. The going concern assumption is a fundamental assumption in the preparation of financial statements. Going concern assumes that the business will continue in operation for the foreseeable future with no intention to liquidate. This type of qualified opinion suggests that the possibility exist that the organization may not be operational in the foreseeable future (BPP 2009). It indicates that there are a number of factors that could give rise to this including declining sales and profits or increasing losses. This is also an indication that an organization may not be able to honor its obligations as they fall due if it cannot generate the level of revenues necessary to do cover its costs and leave some in reserves. Additionally, if an organization continues to make losses thereby eroding reserves it may... During the course of an audit, it is a requirement that the auditors take into consideration the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern assumption in the preparation of the financial statements. The going concern assumption is a fundamental assumption in the preparation of financial statements. Going concern assumes that the business will continue in operation for the foreseeable future with no intention to liquidate. This type of qualified opinion suggests that the possibility exists that the organization may not be operational in the foreseeable future. It indicates that there are a number of factors that could give rise to this including declining sales and profits or increasing losses. This is also an indication that an organization may not be able to honor its obligations as they fall due if it cannot generate the level of revenues necessary to do cover its costs and leave some in reserves. Additionally, if an organization continues to make losses thereb y eroding reserves it may not be able to carry out any major investments or any projects in the form of research and development. In a case where an organization is no longer a going concern, the organization’s noncurrent (fixed) assets are valued at the price they are likely to fetch in a forced sale and their current assets such as stock and debtors will also be discounted to the price they are likely to fetch in a liquidation. This value will be substantially less than the values in the books which assume that the organization is a going concern.

Commercial Transactions and International Law Essay

Commercial Transactions and International Law - Essay Example UCITA applies to computer information and further defines computer information as "information in electronic form that is obtained from or through the use of a computer" (Grier, Keane, & Gilbert, 2001). When both hard goods and computer information is involved in the transaction, the Acts may overlap. According to Grier et al. (21001), "Many commentators suggest that only after years of litigation will we be able to say definitively which law governs which type of transaction". A license is a permission to use. In the context of computer information, the user is granted permission to use the software or the process of a computer program for a set period of time. They have no ownership of the property and as such they may not be able to review it, divulge it, or modify it. The term of the license is set at a predetermined length of time. If the product is sold, it becomes the property of the purchaser. In most cases, this gives the owner the right to act in several ways that are prohibited by a license. The owner may modify, sell, or discard the product. The definition of computer information is so vastly different from a "hard good", that it does not fit well into article 2. It required a redefinition and a new set of rules to regulate it.

Black Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black Nationalism - Essay Example ings in a comprehensive manner; comparing various views, common sense, philosophical tendencies, and/ or set of ideas that are proposed by class that is dominant in a given society (Michael 6). The main logic behind ideology is to bring about change that is deemed desirable in the society, or through a normative process, facilitate adherence to certain ideals where there is already the existence of conformity. The use of ideology in search for freedom among the blacks is one of the most evident across the world. This is because, for a long time the blacks have been advocating for gaining the national identity like the other races. Their advocacy was informed by the fact that the blacks across the world were under various forms of bondage namely colonialism in Africa and slavery in America. As a result, they were racially discriminated, and politically and economically sidelined in addition to losing their identity, thus, the rise of Black Nationalism. In the United States, Black Nationalism referred to a social and political movement that held set of beliefs that the American Americans should have political, economic, and social institutions that are distinct and separate from those of white society. This discussion will critically analyze the significance of black separatism ideological approach that was beneficial to the Black quest for freedom and self- determination. The ideology of Black separatism was one of the major ideologies under the political slogan ‘Black Power’. The ideology was pushed forward by Black Power adherents who believed in Black autonomy and the need of blacks separating from the whites economically, politically, and socially. The ideology was prominent in the 1960s and 1970s during the Black Power movement that emphasized on recognition and respect of black race identity and advocated for the creation of black social and political institutions in order to promote the collective interests of the blacks and advance their values as well

Marginal Revenues in Business and Management On E-commerce Purchase Essay - 14

Marginal Revenues in Business and Management On E-commerce Purchase Behavior - Essay Example Most online shoppers will submit various products to cart not that they want to buy but as what they wish to buy. Additionally, online shoppers are sometimes distracted by multiple links on the site, making them opt for others rather than E-commerce. Overall, the stuffing of this module together with the professor’s effectual teaching style has been instrumental in assisting me to comprehend the success factors of an online business and web visitors degree of regard to data on e-commerce sites. Consequently, I have come to realize some of the features that keep the continual visitation to the site. Throughout the module, my primary approach to research is using quantitative and observation strategies, and I intend to include the methods in my doctoral research together with other research designs. In my doctoral research training, I intend to continue employing quantitative and observational approaches together with descriptive design. As with the quantitative approach, the style has been useful in the MRes preparation course for the doctoral research especially on web analytics on subjects such as how many unique visitors on an e-commerce site, page views, and hits and so forth. This statistical information is significant in the analysis of customers and their expectations and is thus vital data for decision making. Together with the quantitative strategies, I will invoke observations as a tool to see the client behaviors. These two approaches are crucial in line with my study in the doctoral programme. The objective of the doctoral study is to produce researchers who are reflective and conscious of the hypotheses, strengths, and confines of their research; who are top-notch skilled with a whole host of organizational study techniques; and who are excitedly able to pertain th is knowledge in fresh and diverse spheres.

Manufacturing Budget Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Manufacturing Budget Analysis - Assignment Example According to Emory, the augmenting amount of orders increased the time needed for adjustment and setting up of machines as well. The escalating stress in terms of orders and machine adjustments eventually began to irritate the machinists who planned not to abide by the budget. Therefore, the company must pay more focus on the mentioned procedure and its related steps because it influenced company’s budget as well as product quality (Scribd Inc, 2012). It was also learnt from the case study that the various departments of the company lacked coordination which adversely affected the confidence of the employees’ as well as the functioning of the machines. Although, BCS attempts at keeping a control of the individual departments which is considered to prove advantageous for the companies but the kind of BCS pursued in Ferguson & Son Manufacturing Company further degenerated their functioning process (Scribd Inc, 2012). Revising Ferguson & Son Manufacturing Company’s BCS to improve its effectiveness According to company’s situation, it can be said that viable targets were considered to be the chief concern for structuring an effective budget system. With reference to the mentioned context, it can be stated that in case the budget proved to be excessively high, the general process tends to automatically get affected. The company therefore must be pragmatic while ascertaining manufacturing related goals. Company also must analyze the condition of their employees, the working state in relation to the machines, sales synchronization within the members of other department as well as orders for deciding on the necessary targets (Scribd Inc, 2012). In addition, the aspect of responsibility accounting is deemed to be necessary for ensuring the execution of an appropriate BCS. The key notion with regard to the mentioned aspect of responsibility accounting relates to the fact that managers should be made accountable for only those factors which is believed to be under significant control of the managers. Emory and Morris are the two managers of the company who holds unclear vision about their duties and disconnection within their duties result in making the entire job to be increasingly unproductive along with generating soaring amount of wastes. Thus, ensuring a proper practice of responsibility accounting with regard to the entire procedure can assist in direct and alert the managers regarding their respective responsibilities along with ensuring proper discharge of their duties (Scribd Inc, 2012). The company also needed to apply the system of self-imposed budget in order to prevent the issue of ascertaining one-sided aims by the top as well as department managers. The concept of self-imposed budget ensures the preparation of budgets with complete collaboration and assistance of all the managers. The benefit of this budget system can aid the company to resolve few of its issues by triggering motivation and developing commi tment within the employees (Scribd Inc, 2012). Implementing Activity-Based Costing system to change the results of the budget Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is a costing technique that recognizes organizational activities and allocates the cost for each activity in compliance with the available resources of all services and products according to each of their actual expenditure. ABC is an advanced approach that enhances the control of overheads along with maintaining the

Common Core State Standards Of Political Debate Research Paper

Common Core State Standards Of Political Debate - Research Paper Example It is recommended here that the information is used by allotting transparency measures. The government can place their respective reporting of the use of information regarding insider trading laws. Analysis: Voters ID Opponent Supporter Voter ID does not allow the poor people to be a part of the election because not everyone can afford to have federal passports as they are costly. There is another issue regarding voter seat in a different city which requires them to show the affidavit before voting. This is a lengthy process. It is the best way to make sure that there are no frauds in the election process. This will also bring uniformity in the election where all citizens can enjoy same rights and levels of service. Technologically advanced countries should have such services for its citizens (Spakovsky). Application: Voter IDs can be made online for each citizen because nowadays almost everyone has an access to computers. People who cannot afford to access online can take help from the social services and welfare departments to create voter ID. Government bailouts of corporations with the taxpayers money GE, Solyndra, Sun Power, GM etc., Opponent Supporter The money that could be used in order to initiate better programs for employment should never be used for bailing out the private corporations from getting bankrupt. Once these companies have already failed to meet their goals, it is predicted that they will fail yet again (MacDonald). In order to make sure that people continue working at the organizations and to maintain the overall GDP rate, the government can play its respective goal of helping corporations going towards bankruptcy by baling them out. Application: Government can keep a minimum amount of money that could be used for bailing out. Excessive money should not be paid to help the corporations. It is rather recommended that some of the assets of the corporation are put on legal auctions.

Metaphysics Is the Branch of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Metaphysics Is the Branch of Philosophy Essay Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts. These abstract concepts include things like being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space. Over the years I have asked myself numerous questions pertaining to metaphysics. Things such as what is real? How do things such as our souls or even fate work? Do we determine our own fate or is it predetermined for us? Most people, including myself, ask a majority of these questions when they leave the nest. When I was graduating high school, I had no clue what the â€Å"real world† was like. My parents paid the bills, provided for me, and put the roof over my head. As we graduate, you ask who are your â€Å"real† friends? More importantly what is real in general? What’s a real job? As you grow older, you can reflect on what was real as a child, and I have come to the conclusion that everybody’s idea of real changes along with your age and lifestyle. For example when somebody passes away and you’re young, you don’t question if it’s real, but as you age you can’t believe when something so tragic happens and you question it. People do this every day, and for reasons that only they can explain. People talk about the spiritual world openly, but most have never experienced it. So, with that being the case it is hard to determine whether or not it is more or less real that the physical world. That’s one of those questions that as of right now I don’t have the answer to. I believe in the spiritual world whole heartedly, but to say it’s any more or less real is hard for me because I have only experienced the physical world. As of right now, I would say that they are equally real, but that is just my opinion. Going along with that, everyone has a soul, but does it live outside the body before we pass? I don’t believe so. As a Christian, we pray for the Lord to take our soul when we pass, and to protect it while we are alive. Our soul exits the body when we are done on Earth. Fate is a very complex subject. I believe that everyone has an idea of their ultimate fate. This doesn’t mean however that that is how it will end up, or that the step along the way will line up with your plan. For example, when someone dies, people say it must have been fate. I think that things like this are determined by Him, not us. When people say that when they fall in love that it’s fate, but that is determined by us making it free will. Therefore, I believe that our lives are determined by our own free will and fate. Epistemology is basically how we determine if something is a belief or an opinion. Some things are taught to us after they have been investigated, but other things are made up in our minds or families. If you ever look at the actual definition for knowledge it is pretty loosely written. Therefore, knowledge doesn’t have to be true. Your knowledge is determined by you. There are universal examples of knowledge in my opinion. However, since knowledge can be false it’s hard to say if others would believe the same. For example, 2+2=4 that seems like it would be true everywhere, might not be. Someone might be think 2+2=something other than 4. 1. Epistemology: * Is all knowledge subjective, or are there some universal truths? * What is the relationship between faith and reason? * What can artificial intelligence teach people about knowledge? * What are the limits of human understanding? 2. Ethics: * What is the right thing to do? * What does it mean to be a good person? * Does virtue lead to happiness? * Do the ends justify the means, or is a virtuous action virtuous in and of itself? * How does living in a society affect morality? * Is morality culturally based, individually based, or is there a universal morality? 3. Aesthetics: * What is beautiful? * Is beauty truly in the eye of the beholder, or are there some things that all cultures find beautiful? * What is the purpose of art? * How can a piece of art be successful or valuable? Does beauty matter? 4. Political philosophy: * What is the best kind of government? * How much power should the government have? * What kind of people should be in power? * How involved should the common citizen be in government? 5. Social philosophy: * How should humans behave in a society? * Do people give up certain rights when they choose to live in a society? * How do social values affect individual beliefs? Do people behave differently in a crowd than they would individually? * How does society affect language and other types of communication?

Judaism - Meaning of life Essay Example for Free

Judaism Meaning of life Essay The meaning of life is a philosophical question concerning the significance of life or existence in general. It can also be expressed in different forms, such as Why are we here? , What is life all about? , and What is the purpose of existence? It has been the subject of much philosophical, scientific, and theological speculation throughout history. There have been a large number of proposed answers to these questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds. The meaning of life is in the philosophical and religious conceptions of existence, social ties, consciousness, and happiness, and borders on many other issues, such as symbolic meaning, ontology, value, purpose, ethics, good and evil, free will, the existence of one or multiple Gods, conceptions of God, the soul, and the afterlife. Scientific contributions focus primarily on describing related empirical facts about the universe, exploring the context and parameters concerning the how of life. Science also studies and can provide recommendations for the pursuit of well-being and a related conception of morality. An alternative, humanistic approach poses the question What is the meaning of my life? The value of the question pertaining to the purpose of life may coincide with the achievement of ultimate reality, or a feeling of oneness, or even a feeling of sacredness. governs the universe. Closeness with the God of Israel is through study of His Torah, and adherence to its mitzvot (divine laws). In traditional Judaism, God established a special covenant with a people, the people of Israel, at Mount Sinai, giving the Jewish commandments. Torah comprises the written Pentateuch and the transcribed oral tradition, further developed through the generations. The Jewish people are intended as a kingdom of priests and a holy nation[69] and a light to the Nations, influencing the other peoples to keep their own religio-ethical Seven Laws of Noah. The messianic era is seen as the perfection of this dual path to God. Jewish observances involve ethical and ritual, affirmative and prohibative injunctions. Modern Jewish denominations differ over the nature, relevance and emphases of mitzvot. Jewish philosophy emphasises that God is not affected or benefited, but the individual and society benefit by drawing close to God. The rationalist Maimonides sees the ethical and ritual divine commandments as a necessary, but insufficient preparation for philosophical understanding of God, with its love and awe. [70] Among fundamental values in the Torah are pursuit of justice, compassion, peace, kindness, hard work, prosperity, humility, and education. [71][72] The world to come,[73] prepared in the present, elevates man to an everlasting connection with God. [74] Simeon the Righteous says, the world stands on three things: on Torah, on worship, and on acts of loving kindness. The prayer book relates, blessed is our God who created us for his honor and planted within us everlasting life. Of this context, the Talmud states, everything that God does is for the good, including suffering. The Jewish mystical Kabbalah gives complimentary esoteric meanings of life. As well as Judaism providing an immanent relationship with God (personal theism), in Kabbalah the spiritual and physical creation is a paradoxical manifestation of the immanent aspects of Gods Being (panentheism), related to the Shekhinah (Divine feminine). Jewish observance unites the sephirot (Divine attributes) on high, restoring harmony to creation. In Lurianic Kabbalah, the meaning of life is the messianic rectification of the shattered sparks of Gods persona, exiled in physical existence (the Kelipot shells), through the actions of Jewish observance. [75] Through this, in Hasidic Judaism the ultimate essential desire of God is the revelation of the Omnipresent Divine essence through materiality, achieved by man from within his limited physical realm, when the body will give life to the soul. Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy named after its prophet Zoroaster, which is believed to have influenced the beliefs of Judaism and its descendant religions. [77] Zoroastrians believe in a universe created by a transcendental God, Ahura Mazda, to whom all worship is ultimately directed. Ahura Mazdas creation is asha, truth and order, and it is in conflict with its antithesis, druj, falsehood and disorder. (See also Zoroastrian eschatology). Since humanity possesses free will, people must be responsible for their moral choices. By using free will, people must take an active role in the universal conflict, with good thoughts, good words and good deeds to ensure happiness and to keep chaos at bay.

Japanese Animation And Its Globalization

Japanese Animation And Its Globalization Japanese anime traces its roots to the early 1900s but not many of the early works have survived for varied reasons. One of the reasons that led to the loss of these works was the sale of reels to smaller cinemas once the clips had run. These were then disassembles and sold as single frames, but even with the loss of the early anime works, Japanese anime made major popularity growth in the 1970s when filmmakers in Japan experimented with animation techniques used in the western world (West (2008). The reason for this success was that in as much as the filmmakers explored the western techniques, they totally distanced themselves with the western roots and instead developed different genres among the mecha. With this, anime went main stream in Japan in the 80s and what followed was an explosion in production. Real Robot, Space Opera, Macross and Gundam were among some of 80s most successful anime. Today, as other sectors in the Japanese economy are struggling, revenue from anime related products has risen to over $100 billion, up from a tenth of this figure ten years ago (Brienza 2009). Anime is undoubtedly a savior to the Japanese culture. It is of a lot of interest to be able to understand how what was initially targeted at Japanese children has today become such a global sensation. This is what we seek to find out. Growth and Globalization of Japanese Animation Growth of anime a midst issues of language barrier and distinct world cultures is one thing that has never ceased to amaze anime lovers and critics alike. The world is today a global village and anime has been embraced in all the corners of the globe, with fans linking and discussing new and old productions in blogs and fan sites (Leonard, 2004). One of the things that fueled growth of anime to the corners of the world was fan distribution. Fan Distribution Anime was distributed among fans in the 70s through to the 90s via various non conventional methods. Fans made copies which were circulated to other fans and this created anime fan networks especially in America which imported and distributed videos to a large number of underground enthusiasts (Leonard, 2004).All this happened during the pre internet age and with the growth of fan networks, so did many players within those circles make fortunes. Knowledge and love for Japanese animation spread via these underground networks and in the process widespread commercial exploitation of anime was witnessed. Popularity of Anime in the American market It should be very well understood that the American cultural Imperialism was not a factor in pulling anime and other Japanese products to America and instead people voluntarily accepted anime for reasons that some experts say were because they provided an alternative to Hollywood (Davis, 2008). As technology improved, so did the fan networks make use of the available technologies to spread the anime message and more enthusiasts came on board. Language barrier was overcome when the fans added sub titles to the videos and as a matter of fact, fan subtitles is an exclusive feature of anime. The subtitles were facilitated at the end of the 80s in America following a wide availability of computers that were mainly Commodore Amiga and Macintosh brands (Auzenne, 1994). The availability of generator locking device, a hardware that enabled television sets to accept two simultaneous signals of video signal and computer output made it possible to have subtitles that were recorded on cassettes and distributed to the large network of fans. With sub titles, fans could not only appreciate the graphics but also understand the content of anime and how they depicted the various aspects of the Japanese culture. One of the most successful anime was Astra Boy, a production that realized huge commercial success and is still loved today. (Auzenne, 1994). When Walt Disney released Spirited Away directed by Hayao Miyazaki which did very well both in America and Japan at some point out selling Titanic in Japan, the film industry took notice and currently, American film companies making investments in this segment (Davis, 2008). They are mainly attracted to anime for their costs, producing anime is way cheaper than the block busters and they do make huge successes in theatres and DVD sales, coupled with the movie industry being very high risk and big budget productions failing miserably, anime has presented a wonderful opportunity to film makers in America to break even with their productions Anime has since evolved from an underground fortune maker in the 70s to a mainstream commercially viable industry. In America, anime has won the hearts of many and the winning of an Oscar by Miyazaki Hayaos anime, Spirited Away, in 2002 for best animated feature film was a clear show of just how much anime has been embraced in the American way of life (Davis, 2008). Today, America is animes biggest market with anime TV programs in the US jumping from13 at the start of the 90s to 37 in the first quarter of 2006 (Davis, 2008). In 2004, the revenues from character licensing, home videos and cinema screenings topped $2.94 billion which was much more than what the value of steel imported by US from Japan, additionally Pokemon and Yu-Gi-Oh! made it to Americas top five prime time animated programs, anime is clearly Japans biggest export to the states today. Technology has since been a catalyst to the spread of anime as fans could with the internet, link and deliberate on topics and new releases (Auzenne, 1994). Subtitlers also known as fansubbers have also not been left behind, today, they can easily find each other online and work together to translate the latest anime. The translation process for Manga entails a fan scanning the pages and e mailing them to a translator who would then translate to a language of choice, usually English, a proofreader would then check the translation after which some other person known as the cleaner would replace the Japanese with English into the speech bubbles. The final product is then available for free down loads online. The internet has presently given room for publishing and distribution of anime at an unforeseen scale and is one of its biggest growth ingredients. Japanese anime has managed to stand up to American cartoon productions for reasons that it is much un-Disney and therefore offers an alternative to animation lovers in other parts of the world like Europe where several people are quite uncomfortable with American productions for their materialism and vulgarism which is likely to influence their rich cultural heritage that has been kept for many generations, a risk they cannot afford. Some critics argue that the world is moving towards homogeneity with the American culture being the world culture but the acceptance of anime and Manga in Europe for fear of being Americanized is a clear show that people around the world are yet to put their cultural heritage aside for the American way of life. Anime clearly differentiates gender with market niches properly divided for girls, boys, young men and women. Manga separates gender roles and this makes the dramatic anime story line in gender inclining tales when characters bridge the wide gap between the sexes. A typical example is the anime Ranma 1/2 based on a Manga by Rumiko Takahashi in which a boy who because of a previous dip in a Chinese magic pool turns into a girl when splashed with cold water. The extremes of the two genders are clearly depicted in this piece (Levi, McHarry Pagliassotti 2008). Americans have clearly gone beyond acceptance and taken the business opportunities presented by the popularity of manga and anime. Hollywood has not been left out of the boom and Walt Disney has today made enormous investments in the art, which apart from being popular, is also lucrative, coming at a time when most box office movies are not breaking even, anime is not just a rescue to the Japanese culture but a shot in the arm to Hollywood . Anime and manga in Europe and other parts of the world Other than America, Miyazakis Spirited Away also won a Golden Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2002. As at the start of 2006 there were 18 Japanese anime airing on a German TV channel. China is one place that Japanese anime is not expected to be very popular given the seriousness with which foreign content is restricted by the government. The debut of the animated feature film Gin-iro-no Kami no Agito at 1000 theatres in the spring of 2006 in China was a show of how just much Japanese anime has taken over the world. The reason for anime success outside Japan, Kubo Masakavu, the chief producer of Pokeman said, was the quality that is very different from western animation with the difference being its characters that he said capture the heart of viewers and brings out their emotions (West, M. I. 2008). The United Kingdom is one of the most consecutive countries. The British have for generations been skeptical about other cultures and today, they broadcast very distinct TV programs from their American brothers. A look at programming on Cebebees, a children channel of the BBC, depicts a culture that has kept its morals intact for generations. It is with these conservative ideologies that the acceptance of Manga and anime in the British culture has never ceased to amaze many critics. When anime by the name, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles debuted in the UK, the audience felt that the word Ninja was an inappropriate connotation that was unfit for the animes young audience and the title was changed to Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles. (Laird Eastman, 2009). Several articles were written about anime in major newspapers especially in The Independent during the early 90s when Island World and the horror story Urotsukidoji were released with the later being poorly rated by its audience who claimed to have had nightmares. (Laird Eastman, 2009). Even with many articles in the UK papers, there was never an anti-anime wave in the country and there was a belief of anime explosion like in other European countries, something that never happened, the British did accept anime and manga but on their own terms, choosing to edit what they see as inappropriate and embracing what suits their way of life. The same is not however the case in Spain, France, Sweden and Italy where anime has had an explosion with an active fan base who have web sites at all levelsb to keep the enthusiasts in touch with each other and new releases. The love for anime in China China has for the past 30 years been a market that the Japanese anime have quite some grip and currently, millions of anime and manga consumers live in China giving rise to a market of $14.6 billion a year (Brienza, 2009). Anime debuted China in 1979 with Astro Boy which is one of Japans most known anime characters, which was aired on China Central Television (CCTV) in black and white in 1980 after translation to Chinese. Astro boy was at that time used as an image to promote Casio calculator products which have since been very popular in China and so has Japanese anime with comic books being major components of stock at most magazine kiosks in Shanghai (Chen, 2006). The Chinese government has today banned Japanese anime like Death Note from TV broadcast but that action hasnt stopped the millions of fans who have sought the anime on pirated television shows and DVDs alongside fan sites. Young Chinese today, do not really care about the historical differences between the two nations in their consumption of cartoon products, which they do indiscriminately by going for what appeals to them (Brienza,2009) People tend to embrace exotic cultures when certain aspects of these cultures share into their local values. Japanese anime have themes of perseverance, friendship, striving towards certain goals and fighting a good fight which appeals to the global audience and this has made it very acceptable to many (Bouissou J. 2006). Anime however, got language gateways through English, Chinese and French via which the cartoon art extended globally. With the help of amateur subtitlers, in the 80s and 90s, the anime gospel was taken to English speaking nations and this breakthrough is one of the reasons the art is where it is presently. With chinas population at worlds highest today, manga and anime can only get bigger in this part of the world, presenting a wonderful opportunity to industry players to show their creative prowess by continually releasing to the market, productions that will live through generations. Techniques in Japanese anime Some of the techniques used in creating these globally acceptable productions include character design, coloring and eye size (Brienza, 2009). Characters are designed to human body proportions to separate them from western cartoons, this sometimes vary when if emphasis is needed on certain body parts. The eyes in anime are usually large to show distinct emotions. The technique is believed to have been first used by Osamu Tezuka who borrowed it from American cartoon characters like Mickey Mouse and Betty Boop. Coloring that is usually added to the cornea is intended to give depth to the eyes, it should however be noted that not all anime have large eyes and some works especially by Toshiro Kawamoto and Hayao Miyazaki have been known for proportional eyes with realistic colors which is very close to Japanese art. Music in Japanese anime Music in used in productions is very close to Japanese pop, as an industry, anime has developed its own genre known as anison. Anime today has its own songs and the release of an animation video is usually accompanied by a soundtrack album. Behind the United States is Japan in terms of the of the music market with most of the music consumed in Japan being Japanese. The music combines kanji (on sound) and the gaku (fun and comfort) to produce what the Japanese call ongaku, a genre of music which is well incorporated in anime (Brienza, 2009). Anime in South America Latin America has not been left out with manga and anime enthusiasts found in Venezuela, Chile, Mexico and throughout the entire region. Several websites have been set up in this part of the world to help connect fans and provide a platform for sharing and discussing anime related issues. Anime News Network (ANN) Latin America is one such site that has enabled fans to make contributions and share their anime experiences (Bouissou, 2006). The site has created chapters in most if not all of the South American countries to help fans connect and share issues at country level. The emergence of such sites have been a major tool in facilitating non English and French speaking nations appreciate anime. Fans get the Espanola and Portuguese translations very fast and can as well collaborate in sub titling which in most cases end up in enthusiasts setting businesses from the collaborations and making fortunes from these ventures. Anime News Network Latin America also runs a weekly podcast where hosts give opinions on the days news, review of some of the latest titles on offer; interview some major players in the anime and manga industry. Listeners can at the same time call in and make contributions to the topics being discussed as well as pose questions to guests. The site has a section where fans can find certain features of Japan including guided tour of interesting historic sites and for such, it has been a good way of fans connecting to the characters beyond the videos by understanding how they are regarded in the Japanese culture (Schodt 1996). Similar sites have been set up in South Africa, India, Australia and many other regions of the world to serve enthusiasts in the same way. It worth noting that Japanese anime is not only meant for entertainment but is also used in education sector especially in Japan and is working very well with kids who find it as a very friendly illustration tool. Conclusion Manga and anime have clearly gone global and is today appreciated by people of diverse cultural beliefs and walks of life. There is unanimity that people went for manga and the fan networks in the 70s flourished because of the content of anime which has since stayed the same. There is a general feeling that the whole world is converging at the American culture a view which we have seen as not true with many nations accepting manga just because it is an opposite alternative to American cartoons. The globalization of anime started at a time when sharing information was very difficult with tapes being delivered physically from one fan to the next, which is very different from today where fans can with internet, at the click of a button link to share ideas and even go further and cooperate on anime projects without any physical contacts. The genre of anime can today get access into more cultures with these technological advancements. There is however a general consensus on the strength and morality in the Japanese culture, which has appealed to many, who interact with anime and manga. Anime today, from the figures released by Japanese and American authorities is not only a major revenue earner to the worlds third largest economy but also a leading cultural ambassador, which has done quite a good job in letting the world know and appreciate the uniqueness of the Japanese way of life (Chen Teng 2006), Producers of anime should continue giving the world wonderful entertainment, something they have for close to 100 years done with great perfection and sense of responsibility. Having kept their content above the expected minimum for close to a century, todays anime enthusiasts have no doubt that more generations from all over the world will be entertained by anime.

Fruits of Love Revealed in Gary Sotos Oranges Essay -- Gary Soto Oran

The Fruits of Love Revealed in Gary Soto's Oranges  Ã‚   Imagine that it's winter and cold outside. There's nervous electricity around you, and love is a new and exciting experience. In your heart you feel warmth you've never known before. This is the moment Gary Soto captures in his poem "Oranges". The feeling and power of adolescent love is created using tone, contrasting imagery, and symbolism. First, the use of tone in "Oranges" clearly helps to set the theme of the poem. Children often talk with simple sentences that directly state what happened. The speaker's choice of words and raw simplicity in the way he tells his story illustrates his youth and the honesty that comes with it. Everything he says, such as "The first time I walked with a girl, I was twelve", is straightforward and simple, much like childhood love. Children tend to have more pure and simple feelings for one another than adults because their lives are simple and uncomplicated. The tone of the speaker helps the reader comprehend those simple feelings of adolescent love. For his next technique, Gary So...

Essay example --

â€Å"National Socialism: A Menace† (1932) by Ewald Von Kleist-Schmenzin and â€Å"Hitler and Christianity† (1931) are accounts that argued how National Socialism as a new ideology was a threat to the German nation as well as people. These two excerpts are found in Neil Gregor’s Nazism, published by Oxford University Press in 2000. Both authors focus on the issue of race, religion, and political hostility to show how Nazism could become a political ideology that is threatening to anyone considered an enemy as well as peace in the German state and Europe. Ewald Von Kleist-Schmenzin’s â€Å"National Socialism: A Menace† is centered on the idea that National Socialism is a recipe for disaster for the people of Germany. We see this idea in the first paragraph where Schmenzin says, â€Å"the impact of National Socialism is assuming dimensions that threaten our future.† He bases this prediction on his view that National Socialism was turning regular people into violent fanatics. One example of this transformation is seen when Schmenzin described how National Socialism changed the minds of â€Å"workers, who were originally just rationalistically minded.† Another example would be how this new ideology turned the Nationalists and Social Democrats into fierce enemies creating an environment of extreme political polarity. Schmenzin also argues that one of the party’s main objectives is to obtain strict loyalty from the people. Schmenzin says, â€Å"the flow of followers to Hitler is largely a movement of fear and desperation†¦many of them put all their hopes in Hitler and do not want to see the shortcoming of National Socialism.† He also argued heavily of how the National Socialists were rejecting religion to be replaced with the concept of race. According to Schmen... ...e source by Alfons Wild is more compelling because his arguments are presented in the form of logic. He used the fact of how Christianity discourages war and then shows how Hitler believes in a strong military. Wild also shows how race plays a major role in the National Socialist movement because the Aryan race â€Å"has a higher right to life than other races,†v which Wild defines as hate. He combines both these ideas of violence and hatred to explain how National Socialism was not a Christian movement. Schmenzin and Wild’s excerpts contained in Gregor’s Nazism give an idea of what people who opposed National Socialism thought and how they argued the dangerous aspects of Nazism as well as Hitler. The fact that both Authors wrote these excerpts in the early 1930s shows how National Socialism looked unattractive to some even before it gained political power in Germany.

The Outsider’s

How would you like it if people considered you to be poor or rich? The outsiders is a novel of conflicts and is about two teen gangs that live on different sides and the country. Greaser's against socks in other words the poor against the rich. The book by S. E. Hilton and is about how the rich kids call the poor kid's socks and get beat up. Pony boy is a 14-year-old teen boy that is a sock and gets beat up quite a lot. Pony boy is really sensitive, intelligent and observant. â€Å"Pony boy reminds me of a house cat hat always know what's going on†.Body Paragraph 1 Throughout the novel pony boy is really observant because many different reasons that I will explain. He might not have that much common sense but he always knows what's around him and what's going on whatever the situation is. In the book his brothers say â€Å"he might lack a bit of common sense but he always knows what's happening†. This is really true it's like he keeps an extra eye somewhere and is one o f a kind. Also he is observant because in the book he says this mfou take up for your uddies, no matter what they do.When you're a gang, you stick up for the members. If you don't stick up for them, stick together, make like brothers, it isn't a gang anymore. It's a pack. A snarling, distrustful, bickering pack like the Socks in their social clubs or the street gangs in New York or the wolves in the timber. â€Å"(34) he is helping has brothers and the greasers and is observing and telling them before hand what they are. Body Paragraph 2 In the other hand pony boy is a really sensitive kid in this novel.When something oesn't go right has emotions well let loose and you will easily find out what kind mood he is really in. In the book it says â€Å"don't cry pony don't cry we'll be okay (75)†. Pony boy is in bed with soda and soda says remind about last night and pony starts tearing up and tells him to shut up. Another reason why I think he's sensitive is because in the book i t says â€Å"l wanted to cry, but Greasers don't cry in front of strangers. Some of us never cry at all. Like Dally and two-bit and Tim Shepard–they forgot how at an early age. 102) Pony was in the hospital and has throat was hurting and he was thinking of has brothers and was about to cry but kept it together because strangers where there. Body Paragraph 3 Finally pony is a really intelligent person you might think he's not but he sure is. In school he gets really good grades and is the best student from all the characters he excuses Darry tor getting bad grades and not doing g â€Å"He is always having a nose in a book. (13)† That's what Darry and has brothers say about pony boy in the novel would always read and loves doing it.Also he is a good writer to he gets put in the A class. Also his brothers say that he is really good in school and stuff but his street smarts aren't so good and don't really have any. Conclusion In conclusion pony boy is Just like house cat that always knows what's happening and might do something bad here and there. Overall pony boy is a good house cat that knows what to do most of the time. Finally remember it doesn't matter what people consider you poor or rich you are what you are and let people think what they think.

An Analysis of Developing American Literature Essay

An Analysis of Developing American Literature â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† by Washington Irving and â€Å"The Slaughter of the Pigeons† by James Fennimore Cooper demonstrate several distinct American characteristics. Irving focuses on New York’s Hudson River while discussing the settings of â€Å"Rip Van Winkle. New York is probably the most identifiable state in the U. S. and is recognized by its Statue of Liberty welcoming foreigners into its prideful country. While Irving discusses nature’s beauty in similar ways in the U. S. by giving a page description on a simple frozen lake in Somerville. In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† and â€Å"The Slaughter of the Pigeons† the three main American characteristics in these short stories are: power of nature, value of the common man, and growing nationalism. Nature can be a powerful concept. In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† there is a lovely description of the Hudson River which opens the story. â€Å"Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Kaatskill mountains. They are dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river swelling up to a noble height and lording it over the surrounding country. In â€Å"The Slaughter of the Pigeons† there is a similar description. â€Å"Large flocks of wild geese were seen passing over the country, which hovered, for a time, around the hidden sheet of water, apparently searching for a resting-place; and then, on finding themselves excluded by the chill covering, would soar away to the north, filling the air with discordant screams, as if venting their complaints a the tardy operations of Nature. † Nature is very important to Washington Irving and James Cooper. Along with nature, also present is the value of the common man. Values had certainly changed when Rip awoke from his century nap. In a state of confusion, he yells, â€Å"Alas gentlemen,† cried Rip, somewhat dismayed, â€Å"I am a poor quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the King- God bless him! † People around Rip thought what he was acting treasonous. Values of America had changed and now included the concept of voting. Along with American values, came values of nature represented in â€Å"The Slaughter f the Pigeons†. â€Å"It‘s better for you, maybe, Billy Kirby,† replied the indignant old hunter, â€Å"and all them that don’t know how to put a ball down a rifle-barrel, or how to bring it up again with a true aim; but it’s wicked to be shooting into flocks in this wasty manner†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We must not waste what we are given in this world, and we must embrace change as well. As long as that change is bettering us as American citizens as shown in â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†. There is also a sense of growing nationalism embodied in both stories. In Irving’s short story there is a sign hung in honor of General Washington representing the good that he‘s done for the country. â€Å"The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff; a sword was held in the hand instead of a scepter; the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was printed in large characters. † Nationalism by definition is having pride in one’s country. Whether pride be in local government or in nature itself, in â€Å"The Slaughter of the Pigeons,† Leather-Stocking believes that all life is valuable in this country. â€Å"Put an end, Judge, to your clearings. Ain‘t the woods His work as well as the pigeons? Use, but don‘t waste. Wasn‘t the woods made for the beasts and birds to harbor in? †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† and â€Å"The Slaughter of the Pigeons† the three main American characteristics in these short stories are: power of nature, value of the common man, and growing nationalism. They are each represented in distinct ways but clearly show the importance of America and its impact on the Western Civilization that we know today. Whether stressing the importance of government change for the better in â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† or holding true to nature in â€Å"The Slaughter of the Pigeons† we all hold a part in the shaping American society. The real task is holding the past with one hand while reaching for the future with the other and never letting one side pull too hard.

Buddhism And Education

This paper, Buddhism and Education, reviews the history, development, and problems in education of today’s world and aims to establish the importance of Buddhism in the context of education. Books, periodicals, and online publications were the main references used for the development of this paper. This dissertation is divided into eight sections: 1) Survey of History and Definition of Education Concept- this section recaps the milestones in the course of human development throughout history and incorporates the education background in each significant point in history.2) The Problem of Education in the World- this section identifies the general problems in the education systems all over the world 3) Differences in the Policies and Systems of Education- this section reviews different education systems by country and by religion 4) Western Understanding on Buddhist Education- this section cites the different views from the West on Buddhist teachings 5) Buddhist Perspective on D ifferent Areas- this section cites the Buddhist principles on different areas such as business, government, science, and others6) Buddhist Education- this section contains the core of Buddha’s teachings that serve as the foundation of education in Buddhism 7) Future Direction of Buddhism and Education in the World- this section involves discussion on the future perspectives on the course of Buddhist Education 8) Conclusion- this section reviews the paper and asserts the importance and superiority of Buddhist education INTRODUCTION Buddhism is a world religion originating from India and was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, later called Buddha.It is said that through careful meditation, he had achieved Nirvana, the perfect state of enlightenment and freedom from the endless cycle of death and rebirth. He spread his teachings on the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path so that others may also on a personal basis attain Nirvana and freedom from the sufferings of this worl d. The new religion spread across Asia from India to China, Japan and Southeast Asia. Today, it is widespread in Thailand, China, Japan, Taiwan and other places across the globe. Unknown to many in the West, Buddhism is both a religion and an educational system.Buddhism is organized in such a way that followers are encouraged to realize their own potential and receive knowledge in accordance with the Noble Eightfold Path in the pursuit of the wisdom of Nirvana. The potential of the Buddhist educational system as an alternative or supplement to traditional educational methods remains virtually untapped and unexplored. This paper aims to explore this potential and explain Buddhism as an educational system. CHAPTER ONE: SURVEY OF HISTORY AND DEFINITION OF EDUCATION CONCEPT I. 1 History of Developmental Progress of Man The history of man spans millennia in the making.Mankind has gone a long way from first walking ancestors to the men today capable of things our ancestors could only drea m of. This overview covers the four traditional eras of the history of human life on Earth and will delve into its development from its humble beginnings to what it is today. Education is a social construct, artificially made and developed by society for its own purposes. Therefore, the history of education is inevitably interwoven with the history of man and society. Society determines education. Thus, the history of society influenced the history of education.Prehistory Prehistory covers the period of human life before the start of the formal history with the beginning of writing. Because of the lack of historical written records, primary sources for this period is heavily reliant on archaeological findings such as tools, crafts, skeletons and other objects. It covers the years from the first walking humans to the start of writing around 3000 BC. The beginning of bipedal movement was before the Stone Age. There were two types of hominids that evolved into separate two separate gen uses: the Homo and the Australopithecus.We can trace our ancestry from Homo habilis, through Homo rudolfensis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis to who we are now, Homo sapiens. 1 1. Perry, M, 1988, A history of the world, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 25. Stone Age This period of human development is distinguished by the utilization of stone as the primary raw material for tools and other implements. Although the term may still be used for certain tribes existing today that have no capability for metalwork technology, it is broadly accepted that it began some 2.5 million years ago and ended in some areas of the world around 5,000 years ago. (from Encarta) It is in this period that humanity spread from the savannas of East Africa to the rest of the world. Covered in this age is the most recent ice age that lasted from 1. 8 million to 11,500 years ago with glacial and warm interglacial stages known as the Pleistocene Epoch. It was during this time that human evolution progress undergoing continuous biological and chemical changes both externally and internally.It ends with the development of agriculture, domestication and smelting of copper ore. 2 Paleolithic period Also known as the Old Stone Age, it was in this period that humans first learned to use stones to make primitive tools for different uses. Their main source of food was hunting and foraging and they used these tools to allow for more efficient food collection. They were predominantly nomadic and had no permanent residences. They lived as clans of 25 to 40 members. Men hunted in packs while the women were left to care for the children. Mesolithic periodThis period, also known as Epipaleolithic, is characterized by more refined tool-making techniques applied by the early humans. Instead of crude and roughly cut stone tools, the instruments the humans in this period used were more refined and had shapes such as crescents, 2.  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ Perry, M. 25. triangles, rectangles, trapez oids and rhomboids that are later attached to pieces of wood or antler for spears. Pottery also began to develop at this time. This period covers the gradual change in the way of life of humans from nomadic hunting-foraging to settled farming-husbandry.3 Neolithic period This final period of the Stone Age saw the most refined tools made from stone and other indigenous materials such as bones, ivory from tusks and others. Permanent settlements began to develop along river banks because agriculture had began to develop. Crafts and pottery became more prevalent as well as cloth-making from hides of animals. Husbandry also became more common. The domestication of both plants and animals led to social changes during this period. The concept of wealth began to develop because of surpluses of food that could be stored.This caused social differentiation that was before unheard of in a society with everyone contributing to the clan’s hunting and foraging operations. The settling of th ese early humans necessitated the construction of houses and other buildings necessary for farming and husbandry. Catal Hayuk, a late Neolithic village in Asia minor, was a farming community whose people grew wheat and barley and domesticated sheep and cattle. A part of the village also engaged in hunting. Their people had skilled artisans that could work with wool and linen in weaving clothes.Traders brought alabaster and marble in exchange for obsidian, a glass like volcanic rock. It was used for making jewelry, mirrors and knives. 3. Perry, M. 25. Before the invention of writing, people inhabited environments that required them to struggle with natural forces, animals and men for survival. It was important to develop the necessary survival skills for humans to flourish. These skills became the cultural and educational patterns of the early humans. For the perpetuation of culture, it must be passed on from adult to child.The earliest education processes included information sharin g on food gathering and shelter, tool and weapon making, language learning and acquiring values, ethics and religious rites. The lessons gained through informal education given by parents, elders and priests eventually were used to establish a moral code that influenced social behavior. Oral tradition became the vehicle by which culture was transmitted from generation to generation before the invention of writing. 4 The two other ages of the three-age system of prehistory are the Bronze and Iron ages.The Bronze Age is characterized by the use of bronze as the dominant material for tools and other implements. Similarly, the Iron Age is distinguished by the utilization of iron in the tools, weapons and equipment of a given society. These developments in tool making allowed for developments in other aspects of their way of life such as agriculture, crafts, religion and education. However for the purposes of this historical overview, it is more beneficial to not delve into Bronze Age an d Iron Age societies since they emerged in different times in different situations.Furthermore, most of these societies developed their own writing systems thus ushering the start of history. 4. Perry, M. 25. Ancient history This period of history covers the beginning of writing around 3300 BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. Because of the immense span of this period and the simultaneous emergence of some civilizations, it is more proper to divide the discussion based on the region where a civilization started. South West Asia South West Asia or Near East in the Europe-centric system is theorized as one of the earliest birthplaces of civilization.It is the breeding ground of several empires that dominated the ancient world for centuries at a time. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia, sometimes referred to as the fertile crescent, is bounded by the two great rivers Euphrates and Tigris. It is the birthplace of many diverse peoples and civilizations. Sumerians (3000 BC – 1800 BC) In the area now part of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, one group of people of a language different from any other known at the time, started to settle in huge cities that were ruled by monarch and began to write.They were known as the Sumerians and around 3000 BC, they had constructed several city-states in southern Mesopotamia such as Ur, Lagash and Eridu. These cities grew to considerable size and Sumerian culture flourished. However, scarcity of water and constant war among rival factions in the region limited this growth. This growth also changed from internal expansion to the conquest and annexation of smaller city-states. The Sumerians, at one point, fought with another people, the Akkadians that came from the Arabian Peninsula. They were Semitic, with a language related to that of the Hebrews and the Arabs.The Akkadian Kingdom based in Akkad (later Babylon) conquered most of the Sumerian city-states. However, eventually the Akkadians adopted Sumerian culture, including re ligion, writing, government structure, literature and law. Because of this, Sumerians once again regained control of the region and in 2125, Ur rose up against the Akkadians finally bringing the Akkadian domination of southern Mesopotamia to an end. However, by 1800 BC, the Sumerians were finally swallowed and overwhelmed by more migrations of the Semitic people.The government structure adopted by the Sumerian city-states is a kind of divine monarchy. Priest-kings acted as absolute rulers of the whole city and authority was justified not simply by kinship or responsibility but by divine selection and that the king himself was divine and worthy of praise. However, bureaucracy was also present in Sumerian city-states. They had considerable influence on surveying and distributing lands and crops. This government structure was supported by writing of records on stone tablets. Early Sumerian writing is pictographic.However, as their culture flourished, the picture words were replaced by short-hand symbols known as the cuneiform. The complex agricultural system adopted by the Sumerians consisted of careful planning and record-keeping. As Sumerian culture continued to flourish, scientific and mathematical development allowed for several innovations to support their agricultural production and distribution system. Calendars were developed to aid in determining the harvest and planting seasons and astronomy was a field so vastly studied by the Sumerians.They invented the zodiac to measure yearly time. Abstract mathematics began to develop for the calculations necessary in the agricultural system. With regards to religion, the gods of the Sumerians were known to be powerful and anthropomorphic. They controlled natural forces and also had human emotions and spiritual weaknesses. Perhaps the most important legacy of the Sumerian civilization is their invention of the law. These specific tenets written and recorded are used to resolve conflicts objectively between parities .It is administered by the centralized figure of authority (the priest-king) and allows for retribution that is sponsored by the state against a perpetrator. The laws set by the Sumerian people were also adopted by several civilizations also in the Mesopotamian region such as the Babylonians (as written in the Code of Hammurabi). Akkadians (2340 – 2125 BC) This Semitic people that lived on the Arabian peninsula during the flourishing of the Sumerian city-states later migrated northward and became increasingly hostile to the city-states.In 2340 BC, Sargon led the Akkadians to victory in Sumer and built an empire dominating the city-states and stretching to Lebanon. His capital was named Akkad. However, in 2125, Ur rose up against Akkad and brought the short-lived Akkadian empire to its abrupt end. 5 Amorites (1800-1530 BC) Also known as the Old Babylonians, this Semitic people came to Mesopotamia in 1900 BC after the fall of the Sumerian empire and stabilized the region that h ad been in conflict and 5. Perry, M. 25. chaos for close to a century.The Amorites also centralized the government of the city-states in their capital city, Babylon, built on the foundations of Akkad. The monarchy that ruled the Amorites enjoyed more influence compared to their Sumerian predecessors. So the monarchs were viewed as gods and of divine origin. The state and its resources were managed through new tools like taxation and involuntary military serviced. The immense centralization was unprecedented. The Code of Hammurabi written around 1792-1750 BC is the most well known code of law adopted by the Old Babylonians.This is generally regarded as having been based on Sumerian laws. Hittites (1600-717 BC) This Indo-European people invaded the dominant Amorite empire in Mesopotamia and adopted their laws, religion, and literature allowing the continuation of the Sumerian culture. The height of their power was from 1600-1200 BC. Their reign ended in 717 BC when the Assyrians conqu ered all Hittite cities. Though they are regarded by their contemporary Egyptian empire as barbarians, they are one of the most significant peoples to have settled in Mesopotamia.The breadth of the empire allowed for thriving of internal commerce and trading among the civilizations of the Mediterranean allowing Mesopotamian culture to spread across the ancient world. Although they adopted the code used by the Amorites, their penalties were more practical and merciful. Another difference with the preceding civilizations is that their religion system accepted the legitimacy of all gods, including those worshipped by those they conquered. Assyrians (1170-612 BC) This Semitic people once lived in the northern parts of Mesopotamia. They had long harbored dreams of an empire.Their first attempt under Shamshi-Adad was crushed by the Amorites. They were even brought to near-extinction during the invasion of the Hurrians. Fortunately, the Hittites who conquered these invaders did not annex A ssyrian cities thus allowing this people to prepare for the conquest of Mesopotamia. Tuklti-Ninurta in began this push for conquest by trying to force Babylon to yield to his wishes. This was followed by Tiglat-Pileser who extended the empire to cover Syria and Armenia. Ashurnazirpal II and Shalmeneser III in 883 and 824 conquered the entire region of Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Babylon and Mesopotamia.The Assyrians also destroyed Babylon and built a new capital in Nineveh. However, in fear of the Babylonian god, Marduk, they rebuilt the city. In order to prevent nationalist revolutions against their rule, they adopted the policy of forcing the conquered to emigrate from their homeland. This not only secured the empire but also homogenized the diverse cultures of Mesopotamia. The last strong monarch of Assyria, Ashurbanipal began the effort to collect tablets of all Mesopotamian literature in a great library in Nineveh. However, after his death, the empire began to decline with press ure from the Babylonians and the Medes.The Assyrian state was basically created with war, invasion and conquest as tools. The upper classes were the military commanders who benefited most from the spoils of war. The Assyrian army’s size was unprecedented. With their number and the technology of their weapons made of iron, they were almost unrivaled in battle. Despite the thirst for battle and conquest, science and mathematics also flourished in the reign of the Assyrians. They were the first to divide the circle into 360 degrees and to use longitude and latitude in geographical navigation.They also had very developed medical science that influenced even the Greeks of Classical Antiquity. Chaldeans (612-539 BC) The inhabitants of Babylon (the Chaldean or the Neo-Babylonians) finally rebelled against Nineveh and destroyed it under the leadership of Nabopolassar thus ushering the end of the Assyrian empire. His son, Nebuchadnezzar II extended his father’s empire to Phoeni cia and Judah and prevented the major powers of the ancient world, Egypt and Syria, from entering Mesopotamia. The Babylonians continued to adopt the policy of emigration started by the Assyrians.It was in this period that the Jews were exiled to Babylon. Babylon was rebuilt to its greatest splendor and was one of the most magnificent cities of the ancient world. However, this new empire was also short-lived as after five monarchs, city-states once loyal to Assyria rebelled under the leadership of Nabonidus and conquered Babylon. After the Neo-Babylonians, the door was finally opened for civilizations of the north and the west to extend their empire into Mesopotamia. 6 Persia The great Persian empires that dominated the ancient world for centuries began at the area of what is now Iran.The history of this civilization spans centuries and shaped the history of the 6. Perry, M. 27. ancient world. Achaemenids Empire (550-330 BC) The earliest record of the Persians was that of the Assyri ans. They were once under the Medes that were in turn vassals to the Assyrians. When the Medes created their own empire, the Persians were still their subjects. The first Persian empire known as the Achaemenids was founded by Achaemenes in 700 BC. His son, Teispes, organized the nomadic Persians of southern Iran into an organized and centralized state that had a new language, Persian (Indo-Iranian in origin).Cyrus II the Great rallied the entire Persian kingdom against the Median Empire, freeing itself from its former conquerors. The new Shah continued the struggle until he had conquered the entire Median empire. He later conquered Lydia in Asia Minor and continued his conquest in Central Asia. In 539 BC, Cyrus victoriously dominated Babylon. Being a benevolent conqueror, he issued the first known charter of human rights in history. His descendants continued the expansion of his empire to Egypt, the Indus River valley and Thrace. They also pushed to Greece but were defeated in 479 B C.

Introduction to cultural anthropology Essay

Philippe Bourgois conducted fieldwork in urban United States and Central America in relation to political issues related to ethnicity, dislocation of street children, political violence, labor relations and popular resistance. In United States, Bourgois fieldwork mainly focuses on social suffering, cultural issues and political economy. His most recent work relates to substance abuse, homelessness, violence and HIV prevention. He argues that although inner city street culture of drug dealers emerges as a search for dignity and rejection of racism, it is one aspect that has led to personal degradation and community ruin. His assertion points out two interrelated concepts that are structure and agency used by anthropologists to understand how society is produced and reproduced. A major concern in this paper is an illustration on how structure and agency shape the lives of Primo Ceasar. A close look of the two terms has an outstanding feature that relates to live at inner-city streets. Structure is the recurrent patterned arrangements which limit choices and opportunities posed by individuals. On the other hand, agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices. It is the intention, dream, hope, determination and effort to do something for change in support of continuity. The relationship between structure and agency as applied by anthropologists to understand how society is reproduced include the concept of complementary forces. A society is a collection of individuals from different backgrounds and considers certain values. Structure influences human behavior and individuals are capable of changing social structures they inhabit. In reverse to this position, the capacity of individuals as agents to construct and reconstruct their worlds is a common aspect observed by anthropologists especially Philippe Bourgois. A major difference between structure and agency is that the latter relates to ability of actors to operate independently of social structure constraints. The usage of social science has shifted towards the problem of autonomy. In this context, agency raises questions about importance of human intentions, nature and social aspect of freewill, political capacity and moral choice. Social structure determine individuals action in the aspect of what they think or feel about engaging in particular issues of life separated by external powers. A good example to reflect the concept of structure and agency is in the case of team members in sportsmanship. Each team member has the right to exercise freedom out of their own will but extent of action is governed by traditionally accepted rules of behavior in respect to a particular sport. In essence pressure from authorities and peers f prevents individuals from going against anything they would like to do. Another applicable example in relation to structure and agency is the inner-city life on the streets that results from social segregation of children leading to rise of homelessness. Street children in most urban centers are as a result of social marginalization that sees many of the children leave their homes to start life of drugs in urban centers. Structure and agency are common elements in life that shapes life of many individuals including Primo, Ceasar and Candy. The educational concept of ethnographies is emphasis on racism, immigration and sexism. Considering the concept of structure and agency in the aspect of freedom to carry on with personal activities out of free will is against political and social resistance. Primo a manager of crack house was one of the best friends to Philippe Bourgois and his life was shaped by following concepts of structure and agency. He never liked school and doing homework was one of the worst mistakes in his school life. The culture in New York City of rural working class affected many intimate relationships at young age and Primo fell in this category. In addition being way from parents meant inappropriate mechanism of escaping from ethnicity considerations. Primo inherited his mother’s identities and employee traits at inner-city street shop. He was very problematic to teachers and played certain tricks to protect himself from insults by his teachers. The conflict between Primo and teachers resulted to a bad relationship between son and mother. As a responsible mother, she instead Primo should respect teachers for better grades but this worsened the situation. Finding it hard to achieve in class, Primo opted for street culture where he started committing violent crimes. Out of free will a concept of agency, Primo adapted street culture in the context of accent, body language, clothing and play style. He was free to engage in any kind of activity as the environment allowed him to exercise the right of freedom. The bad relationship between Primo and his mother made him change his lifestyle to embrace street culture. This is a concept of structure and matters that arose such as failing to show his mother the grades he attained is an issue of agency. Having lived a life of freewill in the inner city Primo married and raised his family. He was bound to raise up his family a responsibility that saw him advice his own son to respect teachers for better results. The concept of structure and agency contributed to a certain level in the lives of Primo and many other people such as Ceaser and Candy. The common element among the three individuals was the concept of family, institutional and personal violent interfaces. Caesar was very violent and used to fight back at school that originated from the desire to exercise right of freedom. Meritocracy in the US The myth of meritocracy in America is real and people believe that those who are poor deserve to be poor because of their laziness and stupidity. The poor believe that wealth in America is based on merit a concept that to my opinion is material. The wealthy in United States of America have their position because of hard work and academic performance. Laziness is one major factor that makes people in U. S to be poor as there are many opportunities that can make an individual exploit his or her potential. Hardworking people in America never fail to get job and it is the reason that probes people to travel oversees as a way of exploiting available opportunities. My opinion or take about meritocracy in U. S is that those Americans who consider wealth in America is as a result of hard work and intelligence are wrong. The small percentage of poor Americans is a as a result of laziness and ignorance. This is because U. S is one of the most powerful nations in the world with an economic structure that can support all its citizens. This means that there are a number of opportunities that can provide Americans and other immigrants with job opportunities for better life.

Buying behavior, TV advertisements, ethical and unethical.

â€Å"Advertising perception has a significant impact on consumers’ intention to reject the products and the brand† (Chan et al, 2007). The marketers around the world use different kinds of promotion techniques as a tool of conveying the message about their products or services to the target consumers. Marketers tend to believe that all consumers around the world have similar needs as well as desires and that the global market is growing increasingly homogeneous (Chan et al, 2007). Therefore they try to capture the market through advertising without considering what customers expect from the firms. Due to the rapid growth in the media, all most all firms use TV as their media of promotion to grasp the target market. The Sri Lankan structure of advertising industry is also affected by globalization. At present, there are number of private and government advertising companies inSri Lanka. The advertising companies are also affected by the local FMCG companies. Due to the arising completion, companies should involve in vast promotions in order to capture the market before their competitors. It is believed that there is a relationship between TV promotions and buying behavior of consumers. In order to identify what the customer expects from marketers, it’s vital to carry out a research on how ethical and unethical TV advertisements affect on consumer buying behavior in FMCG industry inSri Lanka? 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT How ethical and unethical TV advertisements affect on consumer buying behavior in FMCG industry in Sri Lanka 1.3 PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION The companies that are operating in the FMCG industry inSri Lankashould focus on increasing their sales through identifying their customer expectations. Today almost all the organization around the world, use TV advertisements as a way of conveying the message about their product to the target market. Therefore it is important for marketers to identify the consumer perception about ethical and unethical TV advertisements and its impact on the company sales. Most of the companies do not analyze their customer expectations before they telecast their advertisements on TV. This has created a contradictory situation in the society which may result in negative perceptions about the product which is promoted through the advertisement. R.C. Earnest (2007), who conducted a research on ethnically targeted advertising, has found that â€Å"there were negative attitudinal, emotional, and behavioral reactions by those who are not targeted, which may result in a drop of sales.† With the arising competition, it’s important for organizations to find out the ways and means of satisfying customers in order to make the existing customer retain with the company and attract new customers through vast promotions. The level of understanding of what local customer expect from the marketers when they are doing their promotions through television is, questionable. It is important for organizations to understand and examine the impact of TV advertisements on consumer buying behavior in order to be successful in the future. 1.4 OBJECTIVES To identify how consumers react to unethical and ethical TV advertisements done by FMCG industry inSri Lanka. To find out the impact on buying behavior of the consumers depending on the ethicality and unethicality of the TV advertisements. To find out the relationship between different types of advertisements and buying behavior To find out what type of advertisements attracts more customers towards the product. To recommend alterations to enhance the quality of suitable TV advertisements inSri Lanka. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Companies The buying behavior of the consumers would be analyzed with regard to the TV advertisements done by companies who are operating in the FMCG industry inSri Lanka. This study will enable the companies to understand their consumers and plan their future promotions in a way in which it will increase customers’ satisfaction. The study also emphasis on possible consequences that may arise in the long run if the company target only one ethnic or religious group in their advertisements. It will also enable the companies to get an idea about the effectiveness of using Indian and other foreign TV advertisements in Sri Lankan context. As this study enables to indentify customer’s perception of the ethical and unethical advertisements, the companies would be able to fulfill customer expectations by providing what customers perceive as ethical. It will create positive attitudes towards the product and the company, ensuring their sales would not drop as a result of an unethical advertisement. Consumers As the study focuses on customer perception regarding ethical and unethical advertisements, the customers will be able to watch TV advertisements without feeling uneasy and embarrassed and they wouldn’t become offended regarding controversial advertisements Further as the production of unethical advertisements diminishes due to the awareness created among the advertising firms through the study and the consumer would be able to grasp the exact message which the company wishes to deliver to the customers when the advertisement is devoid of unethical content. The study will provide an opportunity for the customers to express their views on ethical and unethical TV advertisements. Advertising firms As the study provides details regarding the factors that should be considered when producing TV advertisements for Sri Lankan audience, the advertisement firms will be benefited in terms of understanding the target audience and to be more responsible about the content of the advertisements. The study will specify on what is ethical and what is unethical in terms of customer perspective, which should be the main concern of the advertising firms. Through the provided recommendations the firms can improve the quality of their advertisements, meeting customer expectations which will enable them to serve the society better. 1.6 SCOPE AND THE LIMITATIONS OF THE STDY. Limitation associated with this study begins with the nature of sample, which are the working women in selected areas whose minimum educational level would be the completion of GCE (A/L) and the advertisements done by companies who are operating in the FMCG sector inSri Lankawithin the time period of 2007-2008. The above mentioned sample is selected based on following assumptions: As the society acceptance is more towards the working females, the data gathered through them would be more reliable. Minimum educational level is specified considering the fact that they are knowledgeable enough to distinguish what is ethical and unethical. Further the selected area would beColombomunicipal council and the time period is specified due to time limitation and ease of data gathering. The study is carried out considering only a group of customers which might cause biasness in the findings. Selection of TV as media of advertising and FMCG industry are limiting the study to one particular sector. CHAPTER 2 2.1LITERATURE â€Å"Ethics of advertising intends to ensure that advertisers and consumers co-exist without being harmed by the messages of advertisements.† Ethical advertising provides information regarding the product without harming any parties involved as well as people who watch.â€Å"Unethical advertising, by contrast, deceives consumers by concealing significant facts about a product or service.† Unethical do not satisfy the interests and expectations of the consumers (AcaDemon, 2008) 2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Numbers of researches around the world have carried out research to find out if there exists a relationship between TV advertisements and the buying behavior. Implications for the Western World It is interesting to observe that TV advertisements have an impact on the Buying behaviors of the New Zealandcustomers. A group of researchers who carried out a research â€Å"to examine what influences perceptions of infomercial advertising effectiveness among a sample of actual infomercial buyers† (Martin et al, 2002), have found that the consumers included in the sample which was 2,670 customers who had bought one of six different products advertised within two weeks, has admitted that the infomercial advertisements (Appendix 1) had been effective in getting them to buy the product (Martin et al, 2002). Unlike most researchers, this group has identified a relationship between a demographic factor which is age and the buying behavior of the consumers. According to the findings of Martine et al, (2002) age impacted how consumers view infomercials, as did the product type purchased. Hypotheses Ho1 and Ha1 were developed according to the findings of this study. Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez (2003) who conducted a research inSpainhad focused on a different aspect of advertising. In contrast to the above mentioned group, this group has selected the comparative advertising in order to find out the relationship between TV advertisements and buying behavior of the consumers. The study was carried out on the objective of â€Å"to provide marketing professionals with a theoretical outline that will allow them to understand the persuasive mechanism that underlies comparative advertising effectiveness, helping them in their marketing decision-making processes† (Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez, 2003). Comparing to the above group, this group had identified a negative relationship between advertisements and buying behavior of the consumers. The findings of the study states that, â€Å"increase in comparative advertising intensity negatively affect towards the brands advertised and also purchase intensions† (Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez , 2003). In order to gather data, they have used relatively a small sample which consisted of 720 consumers selected from four geographical areas ofSpain. The finding of this study was utilized in order to develop Hypotheses Ho2 and Ha2. Petrovici Marinov (2007), two British researchers have also concentrated on how TV advertisements affect on buying behavior of the consumers. They have used a different approach to attempt the research objective which is â€Å"to explore the relationship between determinants and primary antecedents of advertising and attitudes to advertising in the context of European Union accession countries† (Petrovici Marinov, 2007). Even though the sample selected was small (797 respondents) comparing to New Zealand researches (sample of 2,670 respondents), this group has selected their sample from two different countries (Romania and Bulgaria) which helps to broaden their study further and their findings are more reliable as they have conducted face-to-face interviews with the respondents. It is proved that brand recognition and acquisition can be achieved through realistic, truthful and fair advertising (Petrovici Marinov, 2007). Hypotheses Ho3, Ha3 and Ho4, Ha4 were developed in rel ation to the findings of this study. Romani (2006) who conducted the research inItalyhas used different types of variables compared to other western researches to test the relationship between TV advertisements and buying behavior. The variables used in this study were, willingness to buy the advertised product, trustworthiness towards the source of information and completeness or clarity of price information contained in the advertisement. The researcher has used qualitative and experimental studies in order to identify the misleading price communication strategies and consumer response to those advertisements. The respondents sample were very small (480) compared to above mentioned studies which is a drawback of the study. The conclusions drawn from the study show that there is a negative relationship between price misleading advertisements and the customer’s willingness to buy and there is a positive relationship between trustworthiness towards the source of information. The objective of the study was to †Å"investigate consumers’ reactions to advertisements containing misleading information on price† (Romani, 2006). Development of hypotheses Ho5, Ha5 and Ho6, Ha6 were based on the findings of this study. Implications for Asian countries According to R.C. Earnest (2007), â€Å"Unintended audiences often view advertisements targeted at other groups and make decisions regarding the advertisement, brand and company behind the advertising which affect future consumer behavior†. The objective of the study was â€Å"to extend current knowledge on advertising effects on those not targeted by noting unintended consequences on attitudinal, emotional and behavioral reactions† R.C. Earnest (2007). A similar type of sample which Petrovici Marinov (2007), used in their study was utilized in order to gather data. Instead of selecting the sample from two countries, R.C. Earnest (2007) has selected the sample from two distinct ethnic groups (Malay and Chinese) inKuala Lumpur,Malaysia. A fair number of respondents (200 Chinese and 199 Malays) were selected from each group and data were gathered by means of a questionnaire which was based on fiction advertisements targeted at dominant and non- dominant ethnic groups inM alaysia. Hypotheses Ho7 and Ha7 were developed on the basis of findings of this study. Chan McNeal (2003) have concentrated on an atypical aspect of how TV advertisements influence on buying behavior of the consumers. They have emphasized on parent- child communications about consumption and advertising which distinguish their study from the others. Comparatively a large sample (1,665) of parents with children aged 6 to 14 were selected from 3 cities inChinaand a questionnaire is being distributed in order to gather data. Out of all the findings of their study most relevant finding to the current study is that, pluralistic and consensual parents take their children’s opinions about advertisements in to consideration when consuming certain products. Implications for neighbor country A study conducted by Fam Grosh (2007) has derived an interesting finding from the data they gathered using 1,000 urban young adults. Even the sample selected was relatively low compared to theMartin et al’s, (2002) study, the sample was drawn from five Asian countries includingIndia. The method that they have used to gather data was telephone interviews which distinguish this study from the above mentioned studies. The respondents were questioned on their thoughts about the TV advertisements that they liked, product that was being advertised and purchase intensions. The objective of the study was â€Å"to examine likeable executional techniques in advertising across five Asian countries and their impact on purchase intension† (Fam Grosh, 2007). The researchers found that unlike in the all other four countries India is the only country where the respondents’ react for the likeable executional tools and likeable attributes such as soft sell and relevant to me, ha s positively affected the respondents’ decision to buy more of a product/ brand after they exposure to the advertisement (Fam Grosh, 2007). Further most interesting finding of the study is that unlike in other countries Indian customers have responded negatively to advertisements in which children misbehave. Hypotheses Ho8 and 8were constructed with relevant to the findings of this study. Above discussed literature illustrates that advertisements have a significant impact on consumer buying behavior. CHAPTER 3 3.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The following variables are derived from the literature provided in chapter 2. Independent Variables Dependent Variables 3.2 HYPOTHESES Ho1: There is no relationship between infomercial advertisements and buying behavior. Ha1: There is a relationship between infomercial advertisements and buying behavior. Ho2: There is no relationship between Comparative Advertisements and buying behavior. Ha2: There is a relationship between Comparative Advertisements and buying behavior. Ho3: There is no relationship between Realistic Advertisements and buying behavior. Ha3: There is a relationship between Realistic Advertisements and buying behavior. Ho4: There is a negative relationship between Truthfulness of the information provided and thebuying behavior. Ha4: There is a positive relationship between Truthfulness of the information provided and thebuying behavior. H05: There is no relationship between Trustworthiness of the source and buying behavior. Ha5: There is a relationship between Trustworthiness of the source and buying behavior. Ho6: There is no relationship between Price misleading advertisements and buying behavior. Ha6: There is a relationship between Price misleading advertisements and buying behavior Ho7: There is a negative relationship between ethnically targeted advertisements and buying behavior. Ha7: There is a positive relationship between ethnically targeted advertisements and buying behavior. Ho8: There is a negative relationship between Children misbehaved advertisements and buying behavior. Ha8: There is a positive relationship between Children misbehaved advertisements and buying behavior. 3.3 METHODOLOGY Population, sampling and statistical approach will be discussed under this topic. 3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLE. Selected population for in order to gather data is working women inColombodistrict with a minimum education level of G.C.E (A/L). Below diagram elaborates the selection of sample. The sampling method adapted is a proportionate probability area sampling technique. Where the selected sample of individuals was chosen based on their geographical location (Colombo District) and were further chosen based on if they were employed and had completed the G.C.E (A/L). Since the sample is larger than 35, hence, this can be categorized as a parametric test. Note: – 16.7% is the whole Female, employed and above G.C.E (A/L) rate 19,886,000 is the whole Sri Lankan population 2,421,000 is the wholeColombodistrict population 647,100 is the whole population ofColombomunicipal council 210,546 is the whole population of Dehiwala municipal council 117,563 is the whole population of Moratuwa municipal council 116366 is the whole population of Sri Jayewardenepura municipal council 3.5 STATISTICAL APPROCH According to the table provided in the Appendix 1, multiple regression analysis should be used to analyze data. Further Martine et al. (2002) also have used the multiple regression method to analyze data in their study. In order to gather data five point Likert scale would be adapted as previous researches, Chan McNeal (2003) and Martin et al (2002) have also used the same scale to gather data. CHAPTER 4 4.1 CONCLUSION The proposed study analyzes the impact of ethical and unethical TV advertisements on buying behavior of the consumers in FMCG industry inSri Lanka. Further the study analyses the relationship of how different types of TV advertisements affect on the buying behavior of the consumers using a sample of 104 working women inColombodistrict who have completed A/L examination. Literature review of the current study provides sufficient evidence of past researches which have discussed the similar relationships between the variables selected. Further the study enables the marketers to understand the customer well and as a result they will be able to fulfill consumer expectations through their advertisements. References Chan et al. 2007, ‘Consumers response to offensive advertising: a cross cultural study’, International Marketing Review, vol.24, no.5, pp.606-628. R.C. Earnest 2007, ‘Ethnically targeted advertising views of those not targeted’, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing, vol.19, no.3, pp.265-285. Martin et al. 2002, ‘Infomercials and advertising effectiveness: an empirical study’, Journal of consumer marketing, vol.19, no.6, pp.468-480. Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez 2003, ‘Modeling consumer response to differing levels of comparative advertising’, European Journal of Marketing, vol.37, no.1/2, pp.256-274. Petrovici Marinov 2007, ‘Determinants and antecedents of general attitudes towards advertising’, European Journal of Marketing, vol.41, no.3/4, pp.307-326. Romani 2006, ‘Price misleading advertising: effects on trustworthiness toward the source of information and willingness to buy’, Journal of product and brand management, vol.15, no.2, pp.130-138. Chan McNeal 2003, ‘Parent-child communications about consumption and advertising in China’, Journal of consumer marketing, vol.20, no.4, pp.317-334. Fam Grosh 2007, ‘Cultural values and effective executional techniques in advertising’, International Marketing Review, vol.24, no.5, pp.519-638. City population 2008, Sri Lanka , [Online], Available: http://www.citypopulation.de/SriLanka.html [Accessed 3rd December 2008] Department of Census statistics 2006, Bulletin of Labor Force Statistics, [Online], Available: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/samplesurvey/labourforce/mainpage.pdf [Accessed 3rd December 2008] AcaDemon 2008, ‘Papers on Ethical Advertising and similar term paper topics’, [Online], Available: http://www.academon.com/lib/paper/31480.html [Accessed 10th December 2008] Appendix (Statistical Approach) INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DATA TYPEDEPENDENT VARIABLE DATA TYPE:Buying behaviorSELECTED STATISTICAL METHOD INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 1:Infomercial advertisementsIntervalInterval Multiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE2:Comparative advertisementsInterval IntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE3:Realistic advertisements IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE4:Truthfulness of the information providedIntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 5:Trustworthiness of the source IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 6:Price misleading advertisements. IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 7: Ethnically targeted advertisements IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 8: Children’s misbehave advertisements IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression Appendix 2 (Operationalisation) Types of variables Measurement Questions/ Description Type of Data Independent Variables Infomercial advertisementsLikert ScaleI feel that infomercial advertisements make me buy the product compared to other advertisements.Interval Comparative advertisementsLikert ScaleComparative advertisements annoy meInterval Realistic AdvertisementsLikert ScaleI feel that realistic advertisements convince me more to buy the advertised product.Interval Truthfulness of the information provided in the advertisementsLikert ScaleI tend to purchase the product if the advertised information is trustworthy.Interval Trustworthiness of the sourceLikert ScaleI believe that TV advertisements are more reliable than other sources.Interval Price misleading advertisementsLikert ScalePrice misleading advertisements makes me reconsider when buying the relevant product.Interval Ethnically target advertisementsLikert ScaleAdvertisements targeting an ethnic group discourage me to purchase the product.Interval Children misbehave in advertisementsLikert ScaleI reject buying products that are advertised using children’s misbehaviour.Interval Dependant Variable Buying BehaviourLikert ScaleTelevision advertisements encourage me to buy the relevant products.Interval Buying behavior, TV advertisements, ethical and unethical. â€Å"Advertising perception has a significant impact on consumers’ intention to reject the products and the brand† (Chan et al, 2007). The marketers around the world use different kinds of promotion techniques as a tool of conveying the message about their products or services to the target consumers. Marketers tend to believe that all consumers around the world have similar needs as well as desires and that the global market is growing increasingly homogeneous (Chan et al, 2007). Therefore they try to capture the market through advertising without considering what customers expect from the firms. Due to the rapid growth in the media, all most all firms use TV as their media of promotion to grasp the target market. The Sri Lankan structure of advertising industry is also affected by globalization. At present, there are number of private and government advertising companies inSri Lanka. The advertising companies are also affected by the local FMCG companies. Due to the arising completion, companies should involve in vast promotions in order to capture the market before their competitors. It is believed that there is a relationship between TV promotions and buying behavior of consumers. In order to identify what the customer expects from marketers, it’s vital to carry out a research on how ethical and unethical TV advertisements affect on consumer buying behavior in FMCG industry inSri Lanka? 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT How ethical and unethical TV advertisements affect on consumer buying behavior in FMCG industry in Sri Lanka 1.3 PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION The companies that are operating in the FMCG industry inSri Lankashould focus on increasing their sales through identifying their customer expectations. Today almost all the organization around the world, use TV advertisements as a way of conveying the message about their product to the target market. Therefore it is important for marketers to identify the consumer perception about ethical and unethical TV advertisements and its impact on the company sales. Most of the companies do not analyze their customer expectations before they telecast their advertisements on TV. This has created a contradictory situation in the society which may result in negative perceptions about the product which is promoted through the advertisement. R.C. Earnest (2007), who conducted a research on ethnically targeted advertising, has found that â€Å"there were negative attitudinal, emotional, and behavioral reactions by those who are not targeted, which may result in a drop of sales.† With the arising competition, it’s important for organizations to find out the ways and means of satisfying customers in order to make the existing customer retain with the company and attract new customers through vast promotions. The level of understanding of what local customer expect from the marketers when they are doing their promotions through television is, questionable. It is important for organizations to understand and examine the impact of TV advertisements on consumer buying behavior in order to be successful in the future. 1.4 OBJECTIVES To identify how consumers react to unethical and ethical TV advertisements done by FMCG industry inSri Lanka. To find out the impact on buying behavior of the consumers depending on the ethicality and unethicality of the TV advertisements. To find out the relationship between different types of advertisements and buying behavior To find out what type of advertisements attracts more customers towards the product. To recommend alterations to enhance the quality of suitable TV advertisements inSri Lanka. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Companies The buying behavior of the consumers would be analyzed with regard to the TV advertisements done by companies who are operating in the FMCG industry inSri Lanka. This study will enable the companies to understand their consumers and plan their future promotions in a way in which it will increase customers’ satisfaction. The study also emphasis on possible consequences that may arise in the long run if the company target only one ethnic or religious group in their advertisements. It will also enable the companies to get an idea about the effectiveness of using Indian and other foreign TV advertisements in Sri Lankan context. As this study enables to indentify customer’s perception of the ethical and unethical advertisements, the companies would be able to fulfill customer expectations by providing what customers perceive as ethical. It will create positive attitudes towards the product and the company, ensuring their sales would not drop as a result of an unethical advertisement. Consumers As the study focuses on customer perception regarding ethical and unethical advertisements, the customers will be able to watch TV advertisements without feeling uneasy and embarrassed and they wouldn’t become offended regarding controversial advertisements Further as the production of unethical advertisements diminishes due to the awareness created among the advertising firms through the study and the consumer would be able to grasp the exact message which the company wishes to deliver to the customers when the advertisement is devoid of unethical content. The study will provide an opportunity for the customers to express their views on ethical and unethical TV advertisements. Advertising firms As the study provides details regarding the factors that should be considered when producing TV advertisements for Sri Lankan audience, the advertisement firms will be benefited in terms of understanding the target audience and to be more responsible about the content of the advertisements. The study will specify on what is ethical and what is unethical in terms of customer perspective, which should be the main concern of the advertising firms. Through the provided recommendations the firms can improve the quality of their advertisements, meeting customer expectations which will enable them to serve the society better. 1.6 SCOPE AND THE LIMITATIONS OF THE STDY. Limitation associated with this study begins with the nature of sample, which are the working women in selected areas whose minimum educational level would be the completion of GCE (A/L) and the advertisements done by companies who are operating in the FMCG sector inSri Lankawithin the time period of 2007-2008. The above mentioned sample is selected based on following assumptions: As the society acceptance is more towards the working females, the data gathered through them would be more reliable. Minimum educational level is specified considering the fact that they are knowledgeable enough to distinguish what is ethical and unethical. Further the selected area would beColombomunicipal council and the time period is specified due to time limitation and ease of data gathering. The study is carried out considering only a group of customers which might cause biasness in the findings. Selection of TV as media of advertising and FMCG industry are limiting the study to one particular sector. CHAPTER 2 2.1LITERATURE â€Å"Ethics of advertising intends to ensure that advertisers and consumers co-exist without being harmed by the messages of advertisements.† Ethical advertising provides information regarding the product without harming any parties involved as well as people who watch.â€Å"Unethical advertising, by contrast, deceives consumers by concealing significant facts about a product or service.† Unethical do not satisfy the interests and expectations of the consumers (AcaDemon, 2008) 2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Numbers of researches around the world have carried out research to find out if there exists a relationship between TV advertisements and the buying behavior. Implications for the Western World It is interesting to observe that TV advertisements have an impact on the Buying behaviors of the New Zealandcustomers. A group of researchers who carried out a research â€Å"to examine what influences perceptions of infomercial advertising effectiveness among a sample of actual infomercial buyers† (Martin et al, 2002), have found that the consumers included in the sample which was 2,670 customers who had bought one of six different products advertised within two weeks, has admitted that the infomercial advertisements (Appendix 1) had been effective in getting them to buy the product (Martin et al, 2002). Unlike most researchers, this group has identified a relationship between a demographic factor which is age and the buying behavior of the consumers. According to the findings of Martine et al, (2002) age impacted how consumers view infomercials, as did the product type purchased. Hypotheses Ho1 and Ha1 were developed according to the findings of this study. Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez (2003) who conducted a research inSpainhad focused on a different aspect of advertising. In contrast to the above mentioned group, this group has selected the comparative advertising in order to find out the relationship between TV advertisements and buying behavior of the consumers. The study was carried out on the objective of â€Å"to provide marketing professionals with a theoretical outline that will allow them to understand the persuasive mechanism that underlies comparative advertising effectiveness, helping them in their marketing decision-making processes† (Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez, 2003). Comparing to the above group, this group had identified a negative relationship between advertisements and buying behavior of the consumers. The findings of the study states that, â€Å"increase in comparative advertising intensity negatively affect towards the brands advertised and also purchase intensions† (Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez , 2003). In order to gather data, they have used relatively a small sample which consisted of 720 consumers selected from four geographical areas ofSpain. The finding of this study was utilized in order to develop Hypotheses Ho2 and Ha2. Petrovici Marinov (2007), two British researchers have also concentrated on how TV advertisements affect on buying behavior of the consumers. They have used a different approach to attempt the research objective which is â€Å"to explore the relationship between determinants and primary antecedents of advertising and attitudes to advertising in the context of European Union accession countries† (Petrovici Marinov, 2007). Even though the sample selected was small (797 respondents) comparing to New Zealand researches (sample of 2,670 respondents), this group has selected their sample from two different countries (Romania and Bulgaria) which helps to broaden their study further and their findings are more reliable as they have conducted face-to-face interviews with the respondents. It is proved that brand recognition and acquisition can be achieved through realistic, truthful and fair advertising (Petrovici Marinov, 2007). Hypotheses Ho3, Ha3 and Ho4, Ha4 were developed in rel ation to the findings of this study. Romani (2006) who conducted the research inItalyhas used different types of variables compared to other western researches to test the relationship between TV advertisements and buying behavior. The variables used in this study were, willingness to buy the advertised product, trustworthiness towards the source of information and completeness or clarity of price information contained in the advertisement. The researcher has used qualitative and experimental studies in order to identify the misleading price communication strategies and consumer response to those advertisements. The respondents sample were very small (480) compared to above mentioned studies which is a drawback of the study. The conclusions drawn from the study show that there is a negative relationship between price misleading advertisements and the customer’s willingness to buy and there is a positive relationship between trustworthiness towards the source of information. The objective of the study was to †Å"investigate consumers’ reactions to advertisements containing misleading information on price† (Romani, 2006). Development of hypotheses Ho5, Ha5 and Ho6, Ha6 were based on the findings of this study. Implications for Asian countries According to R.C. Earnest (2007), â€Å"Unintended audiences often view advertisements targeted at other groups and make decisions regarding the advertisement, brand and company behind the advertising which affect future consumer behavior†. The objective of the study was â€Å"to extend current knowledge on advertising effects on those not targeted by noting unintended consequences on attitudinal, emotional and behavioral reactions† R.C. Earnest (2007). A similar type of sample which Petrovici Marinov (2007), used in their study was utilized in order to gather data. Instead of selecting the sample from two countries, R.C. Earnest (2007) has selected the sample from two distinct ethnic groups (Malay and Chinese) inKuala Lumpur,Malaysia. A fair number of respondents (200 Chinese and 199 Malays) were selected from each group and data were gathered by means of a questionnaire which was based on fiction advertisements targeted at dominant and non- dominant ethnic groups inM alaysia. Hypotheses Ho7 and Ha7 were developed on the basis of findings of this study. Chan McNeal (2003) have concentrated on an atypical aspect of how TV advertisements influence on buying behavior of the consumers. They have emphasized on parent- child communications about consumption and advertising which distinguish their study from the others. Comparatively a large sample (1,665) of parents with children aged 6 to 14 were selected from 3 cities inChinaand a questionnaire is being distributed in order to gather data. Out of all the findings of their study most relevant finding to the current study is that, pluralistic and consensual parents take their children’s opinions about advertisements in to consideration when consuming certain products. Implications for neighbor country A study conducted by Fam Grosh (2007) has derived an interesting finding from the data they gathered using 1,000 urban young adults. Even the sample selected was relatively low compared to theMartin et al’s, (2002) study, the sample was drawn from five Asian countries includingIndia. The method that they have used to gather data was telephone interviews which distinguish this study from the above mentioned studies. The respondents were questioned on their thoughts about the TV advertisements that they liked, product that was being advertised and purchase intensions. The objective of the study was â€Å"to examine likeable executional techniques in advertising across five Asian countries and their impact on purchase intension† (Fam Grosh, 2007). The researchers found that unlike in the all other four countries India is the only country where the respondents’ react for the likeable executional tools and likeable attributes such as soft sell and relevant to me, ha s positively affected the respondents’ decision to buy more of a product/ brand after they exposure to the advertisement (Fam Grosh, 2007). Further most interesting finding of the study is that unlike in other countries Indian customers have responded negatively to advertisements in which children misbehave. Hypotheses Ho8 and 8were constructed with relevant to the findings of this study. Above discussed literature illustrates that advertisements have a significant impact on consumer buying behavior. CHAPTER 3 3.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The following variables are derived from the literature provided in chapter 2. Independent Variables Dependent Variables 3.2 HYPOTHESES Ho1: There is no relationship between infomercial advertisements and buying behavior. Ha1: There is a relationship between infomercial advertisements and buying behavior. Ho2: There is no relationship between Comparative Advertisements and buying behavior. Ha2: There is a relationship between Comparative Advertisements and buying behavior. Ho3: There is no relationship between Realistic Advertisements and buying behavior. Ha3: There is a relationship between Realistic Advertisements and buying behavior. Ho4: There is a negative relationship between Truthfulness of the information provided and thebuying behavior. Ha4: There is a positive relationship between Truthfulness of the information provided and thebuying behavior. H05: There is no relationship between Trustworthiness of the source and buying behavior. Ha5: There is a relationship between Trustworthiness of the source and buying behavior. Ho6: There is no relationship between Price misleading advertisements and buying behavior. Ha6: There is a relationship between Price misleading advertisements and buying behavior Ho7: There is a negative relationship between ethnically targeted advertisements and buying behavior. Ha7: There is a positive relationship between ethnically targeted advertisements and buying behavior. Ho8: There is a negative relationship between Children misbehaved advertisements and buying behavior. Ha8: There is a positive relationship between Children misbehaved advertisements and buying behavior. 3.3 METHODOLOGY Population, sampling and statistical approach will be discussed under this topic. 3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLE. Selected population for in order to gather data is working women inColombodistrict with a minimum education level of G.C.E (A/L). Below diagram elaborates the selection of sample. The sampling method adapted is a proportionate probability area sampling technique. Where the selected sample of individuals was chosen based on their geographical location (Colombo District) and were further chosen based on if they were employed and had completed the G.C.E (A/L). Since the sample is larger than 35, hence, this can be categorized as a parametric test. Note: – 16.7% is the whole Female, employed and above G.C.E (A/L) rate 19,886,000 is the whole Sri Lankan population 2,421,000 is the wholeColombodistrict population 647,100 is the whole population ofColombomunicipal council 210,546 is the whole population of Dehiwala municipal council 117,563 is the whole population of Moratuwa municipal council 116366 is the whole population of Sri Jayewardenepura municipal council 3.5 STATISTICAL APPROCH According to the table provided in the Appendix 1, multiple regression analysis should be used to analyze data. Further Martine et al. (2002) also have used the multiple regression method to analyze data in their study. In order to gather data five point Likert scale would be adapted as previous researches, Chan McNeal (2003) and Martin et al (2002) have also used the same scale to gather data. CHAPTER 4 4.1 CONCLUSION The proposed study analyzes the impact of ethical and unethical TV advertisements on buying behavior of the consumers in FMCG industry inSri Lanka. Further the study analyses the relationship of how different types of TV advertisements affect on the buying behavior of the consumers using a sample of 104 working women inColombodistrict who have completed A/L examination. Literature review of the current study provides sufficient evidence of past researches which have discussed the similar relationships between the variables selected. Further the study enables the marketers to understand the customer well and as a result they will be able to fulfill consumer expectations through their advertisements. References Chan et al. 2007, ‘Consumers response to offensive advertising: a cross cultural study’, International Marketing Review, vol.24, no.5, pp.606-628. R.C. Earnest 2007, ‘Ethnically targeted advertising views of those not targeted’, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing, vol.19, no.3, pp.265-285. Martin et al. 2002, ‘Infomercials and advertising effectiveness: an empirical study’, Journal of consumer marketing, vol.19, no.6, pp.468-480. Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez 2003, ‘Modeling consumer response to differing levels of comparative advertising’, European Journal of Marketing, vol.37, no.1/2, pp.256-274. Petrovici Marinov 2007, ‘Determinants and antecedents of general attitudes towards advertising’, European Journal of Marketing, vol.41, no.3/4, pp.307-326. Romani 2006, ‘Price misleading advertising: effects on trustworthiness toward the source of information and willingness to buy’, Journal of product and brand management, vol.15, no.2, pp.130-138. Chan McNeal 2003, ‘Parent-child communications about consumption and advertising in China’, Journal of consumer marketing, vol.20, no.4, pp.317-334. Fam Grosh 2007, ‘Cultural values and effective executional techniques in advertising’, International Marketing Review, vol.24, no.5, pp.519-638. City population 2008, Sri Lanka , [Online], Available: http://www.citypopulation.de/SriLanka.html [Accessed 3rd December 2008] Department of Census statistics 2006, Bulletin of Labor Force Statistics, [Online], Available: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/samplesurvey/labourforce/mainpage.pdf [Accessed 3rd December 2008] AcaDemon 2008, ‘Papers on Ethical Advertising and similar term paper topics’, [Online], Available: http://www.academon.com/lib/paper/31480.html [Accessed 10th December 2008] Appendix (Statistical Approach) INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DATA TYPEDEPENDENT VARIABLE DATA TYPE:Buying behaviorSELECTED STATISTICAL METHOD INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 1:Infomercial advertisementsIntervalInterval Multiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE2:Comparative advertisementsInterval IntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE3:Realistic advertisements IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE4:Truthfulness of the information providedIntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 5:Trustworthiness of the source IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 6:Price misleading advertisements. IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 7: Ethnically targeted advertisements IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 8: Children’s misbehave advertisements IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression Appendix 2 (Operationalisation) Types of variables Measurement Questions/ Description Type of Data Independent Variables Infomercial advertisementsLikert ScaleI feel that infomercial advertisements make me buy the product compared to other advertisements.Interval Comparative advertisementsLikert ScaleComparative advertisements annoy meInterval Realistic AdvertisementsLikert ScaleI feel that realistic advertisements convince me more to buy the advertised product.Interval Truthfulness of the information provided in the advertisementsLikert ScaleI tend to purchase the product if the advertised information is trustworthy.Interval Trustworthiness of the sourceLikert ScaleI believe that TV advertisements are more reliable than other sources.Interval Price misleading advertisementsLikert ScalePrice misleading advertisements makes me reconsider when buying the relevant product.Interval Ethnically target advertisementsLikert ScaleAdvertisements targeting an ethnic group discourage me to purchase the product.Interval Children misbehave in advertisementsLikert ScaleI reject buying products that are advertised using children’s misbehaviour.Interval Dependant Variable Buying BehaviourLikert ScaleTelevision advertisements encourage me to buy the relevant products.Interval