BMM notes Essay

Attempt all the questions.Read the question c atomic number 18fully ahead answering.Figures to the right indicate full marks.Illustrations/ Layout is not Compulsory. But ensure to concede a clear and concise description of the visual.1. issue any(prenominal) four- spatial relation (a) What is the difference between Political Advertising and Government Advertising? take a crap one example of each.(b) What is productive? How important creative brief is for paternity copy for a product? (c) How is reason why copy opposite from slice of life copy? (d) What are the essential qualities to become a good copy writer? (e) apologize the importance of sub-head for the print media.(f) What are the different types of copy? Explain one in detail. (g) Explain the next terms (Any three) (i) Zoom in(ii) Dissolve(iii) Wipe(iv) Pan.122. Answer any four of the following question (a) Write short air on, Copy for Children as the Target Audience. (b) outflow two examples each of comparative de gree and demonstration type of advertising. (c) What are the essentials of a Good Poster?(d) Give your comment on Daag Achche Hain, Television commercial. (e) Analyse any one of the naked cosmos service television or print advertizement. (f) (i) Maine poocha kya? is the base mental strain of which detergent brand ? (ii) Insan Phone lete hain baat karne ke liye, is the line of which television commercial?(g) Explain the various stages of producing a TV commercial?123. Answer any two (a) Radio advertising creates a Picture in the instinct. Explain? (b) Write a 30 sec Radio spot for Shoppers stop, Highlighting, Range and Location. (c) Write a direct mailer to the prospective node in Bandra, persuading them to place their monthly grocery requirement to Sangam, A Hindustan prise Limited Venture. Sangam provides free home delivery within an hour.104. multimedia campaign and strategy (Attempt any one)(a)VIP luggage is launching a new campaign to reinforce its new image of a bon to n marketing trendy luggage for upwordly mobile young professionals. They have added new design and different colours in their portfolio of products. i. throw a creative brief for Making Impact on the Target Audience. ii. Create a press advertisement campaign based on the creative brief. iii. Prepare a storyboard for television commercial based on the creative brief.PDF provide By BMMBox.com565www.bmmbox.comwww.bmmbox.com(b)PDF provide By BMMBox.comThe fresh cases of corruption among a few police officers tarnished the image of Mumbai Police. The Commissioner wants to improve the public image of the Mumbai Police.i. Advice them on strategy and baseline.ii. Develop a 3 advertisement press campaign.iii. Develop a storyboard for a 30 sec TVC.PDF Powered By BMMBox.com

Communications Between Predecessor and Successor Auditors

Communications Between precursor and substitute Auditors 155 AU S el electroshock therapyroshock therapyion 315 Communications Between antecedent and alternate Auditors (Supersedes SAS none 7. ) Source SAS zero(prenominal) 84 SAS No. 93. Effective with find to eat upance of an delectation afterward March 31, 1998, unless or so otherwise indicated. Introduction .01 This separate pull up stakess guidance on conference theory between precursor and alternate tenders when a wobble of tenders is in process or has taken place. It also provides communication theory guidance when possible misstatements argon discovered in ? ancial statements conveyed on by a harbinger tender. This slit applies whenever an independent hearer is filchsidering prise an dispute to analyse or re scrutinize (see paragraph . 14 of this plane segment) ? nancial statements in concord with mainly accepted analyzeing standards, and after much(prenominal) listener has been appointed to behave such(prenominal) an meshing. .02 For the purposes of this section, the term herald listener refers to an attendant who (a) has revealed on the most new-fashioned canvassed ? nancial statements1 or was engaged to behave but did non complete an audit of the ? ancial statements2 and (b) has resigned, declined to stand for reappointment, or been noni? ed that his or her work have been, or whitethorn be, terminated. The term alternate listener refers to an meeter who is considering accepting an engagement to audit ? nancial statements but has not communicated with the trumpeter tender as provided in paragraphs . 07 with . 10 and to an meeter who has accepted such an engagement. As amended, effective for audits of ? nancial statements for plosive consonants ending on or after June 30, 2001, by avouchment on Auditing Standards No. 3. Change of Auditors .03 An listener should not accept an engagement until the communications draw in paragraphs . 07 t hrough . 10 have been evaluated. 3 However, an meeter whitethorn make a proposal for an audit engagement before communicating with the harbinger attender. The meeter may bid to project the prospective 1 The provisions of this section are not mandatory if the most recent audited ? nancial statements are more than two years preliminary to the beginning of the earliest distributor point to be audited by the surrogate auditor. on that point may be two forerunner auditors the auditor who reported on the most recent audited ? nancial statements and the auditor who was engaged to perform but did not complete an audit of any subsequent ? nancial statements. As amended, effective for audits of ? nancial statements for periods ending on or after June 30, 2001, by asseveration on Auditing Standards No. 93. 3 When the most recent ? nancial statements have been compiled or freshened in conformance with the assertions on Standards for Accounting and Review Services, the accountant who reported on those ? ancial statements is not a predecessor auditor. Although not unavoidable by this section, in these mass the replacing auditor may ? nd the effects described in paragraphs . 08 and . 09 aimful in find out whether to accept the engagement. AU 315. 03 156 The Standards of Field Work knob (for example, in a proposal) that acceptance cannot be ? nal until the communications have been evaluated. .04 some other communications between the replenishment and predecessor auditors, described in paragraph . 11, are advisable to embolden in the aimning of the engagement.However, the timing of these other communications is more ? exible. The refilling auditor may initiate these other communications either front to acceptance of the engagement or subsequent thereto. .05 When more than one auditor is considering accepting an engagement, the predecessor auditor should not be expected to be ready(prenominal) to respond to inquiries until a heir auditor has been selected by the prospective lymph gland and has accepted the engagement subject to the military rank of the communications with the predecessor auditor as provided in paragraphs . 07 through . 10. 06 The scuttle for communicating rests with the refilling auditor. The communication may be either create verbally or oral. Both the predecessor and replenishment auditors should hold in con? dence selective tuition ruleed from each other. This obligation applies whether or not the alternate auditor accepts the engagement. Communications Before Successor Auditor Accepts Engagement .07 Inquiry of the predecessor auditor is a unavoidable procedure beca utilize the predecessor auditor may be able to provide breeding that leave behind assist the refilling auditor in determining whether to accept the engagement.The renewal auditor should ingest in mind that, among other things, the predecessor auditor and the invitee may have disagreed about accounting principles, auditing pro cedures, or similarly signi? cant matters. .08 The successor auditor should implore permission from the prospective client to make an interrogatory of the predecessor auditor previous to ? nal acceptance of the engagement. Except as go forted by the Rules of the Code of Professional Conduct, an auditor is precluded from disclosing con? dential information pay offed in the programme of an engagement unless the client speci? cally consents.Thus, the successor auditor should ask the prospective client to authorize the predecessor auditor to respond fully to the successor auditors inquiries. If a prospective client ref aims to permit the predecessor auditor to respond or limits the response, the successor auditor should inquire as to the reasons and consider the implications of that refusal in decision making whether to accept the engagement. .09 The successor auditor should make speci? c and tenable inquiries of the predecessor auditor regarding matters that get out assist the successor auditor in determining whether to accept the engagement.Matters subject to inquiry should include Information that might comprise on the integrity of management. Disagreements with management as to accounting principles, auditing procedures, or other similarly signi? cant matters. Communications to those charged with governance regarding fraud and amerciable acts by clients. 4 4 Footnote deleted to re? ect conforming changes necessary due(p) to the military let out of argument on Auditing Standards No. 114. AU 315. 04 Communications Between Predecessor and Successor Auditors 157 Communications to management and those charged with governance regarding signi? ant de? ciencies and literal weaknesses in internal control. 5 The predecessor auditors regarding as to the reasons for the change of auditors. The successor auditor may attentiveness to consider other liable inquiries. Revised, whitethorn 2006, to re? ect conforming changes necessary due to the publi cation of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 112. Revised, April 2007, to re? ect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 114. . 10 The predecessor auditor should respond promptly and fully, on the basis of known facts, to the successor auditors reasonable inquiries.However, should the predecessor auditor decide, due to unusual circumstances such as impending, threatened, or potential judicial proceeding disciplinary proceedings or other unusual circumstances, not to respond fully to the inquiries, the predecessor auditor should clearly state that the response is express mail. If the successor auditor receives a limited response, its implications should be considered in deciding whether to accept the engagement. Other Communications .11 The successor auditor should request that the client authorize the predecessor auditor to get a recapitulation of the predecessor auditors work ideas.The predecessor auditor may wish to request a consent and acknowledgment letter from the client to memorial this authorization in an effort to reduce mis sagacitys about the mount of the communications being authorized. 6 It is customary in such circumstances for the predecessor auditor to make himself or herself available to the successor auditor and make available for review certain of the working(a)s document. The predecessor auditor should determine which working paper are to be made available for review and which may be copied.The predecessor auditor should ordinarily permit the successor auditor to review working written document, including documentation of planning, internal control, audit results, and other matters of continuing accounting and auditing signi? cance, such as the working paper analysis of balance sheet accounts, and those relating to contingencies. Also, the predecessor auditor should reach an understanding with the successor auditor as to the use of the working papers. 7 The point, if any, to whi ch a predecessor auditor permits entrance to the working papers is a matter of judgment.Successor Auditors Use of Communications .12 The successor auditor mustiness obtain suf? cient appropriate audit evidence to afford a reasonable basis for expressing an opinion on the ? nancial statements he or she has been engaged to audit, including evaluating the symmetry of the application of accounting principles. The audit evidence used in analyzing the tinge of the opening balances on the flow rate-year ? nancial statements and consistency of accounting principles is a matter of paid judgment. Such audit evidence may include the most recent audited ? ancial 5 See section 316, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit section 317, Illegal Acts by Clients and section 325, Communicating Internal Control Related Matters Identi? ed in an Audit. Footnote revised, May 2006, to re? ect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 112. 6 Appendix A paragraph . 24 contains an illustrative client consent and acknowledgment letter. 7 Before permitting approaching to the working papers, the predecessor auditor may wish to obtain a written communication from the successor auditor regarding the use of the working papers.Appendix B paragraph . 25 contains an illustrative successor auditor acknowledgment letter. AU 315. 12 158 The Standards of Field Work statements, the predecessor auditors report thereon,8 the results of inquiry of the predecessor auditor, the results of the successor auditors review of the predecessor auditors working papers relating to the most recently completed audit, and audit procedures performed on the current periods transactions that may provide evidence about the opening balances or consistency.For example, evidence gathered during the current years audit may provide information about the realizability and existence of receivables and inventory recorded at the beginning of the year. The success or auditor may also harbor appropriate auditing procedures to account balances at the beginning of the period under audit and to transactions in prior periods. As amended, effective for audits of ? nancial statements for periods ending on or after June 30, 2001, by Statement on Auditing Standards No. 93.Revised, March 2006, to re? ect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 105. . 13 The successor auditors review of the predecessor auditors working papers may affect the nature, timing, and extent of the successor auditors procedures with respect to the opening balances and consistency of accounting principles. However, the nature, timing, and extent of audit work performed and the conclusions reached in both these areas are only when the responsibility of the successor auditor.In reporting on the audit, the successor auditor should not make seed to the report or work of the predecessor auditor as the basis, in part, for the success or auditors own opinion. Audits of Financial Statements That Have Been Previously Audited . 14 If an auditor is asked to audit and report on ? nancial statements that have been previously audited and reported on (henceforth referred to as a reaudit), the auditor considering acceptance of the reaudit engagement is also a successor auditor, and the auditor who previously reported is also a predecessor auditor.In addition to the communications described in paragraphs . 07 through . 10, the successor auditor should state that the purpose of the inquiries is to obtain information about whether to accept an engagement to perform a reaudit. .15 If the successor auditor accepts the reaudit engagement, he or she may consider the information obtained from inquiries of the predecessor auditor and review of the predecessor auditors report and working papers in planning the reaudit. However, the information obtained from those inquiries and any review of the predecessor auditors report and worki ng papers is not suf? ient to afford a basis for expressing an opinion. The nature, timing, and extent of the audit work performed and the conclusions reached in the reaudit are solely the responsibility of the successor auditor performing the reaudit. .16 The successor auditor should plan and perform the reaudit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. The successor auditor should not assume responsibility for the predecessor auditors work or issue a report that re? ects divided responsibility as described in section 543, Part of Audit Performed by Other free-lance Auditors.Furthermore, the predecessor auditor is not a specialist as de? ned in section 336, Using the Work of a Specialist, or an internal auditor as de? ned in section 322, The Auditors Consideration of the Internal Audit liaison in an Audit of Financial Statements. .17 If the successor auditor has audited the current period, the results of that audit may be considered in planning and performing the reaudit of the 8 The successor auditor may wish to make inquiries about the professional composition and standing of the predecessor auditor.See section 543, Part of Audit Performed by Other Independent Auditors, paragraph . 10a. AU 315. 13 Communications Between Predecessor and Successor Auditors 159 preceding period or periods and may provide audit evidence that is useful in performing the reaudit. Revised, March 2006, to re? ect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 105. . 18 If, in a reaudit engagement, the successor auditor is unable to obtain suf? cient appropriate audit evidence to express an opinion on the ? nancial tatements, the successor auditor should qualify or disclaim an opinion because of the inability to perform procedures the successor auditor considers necessary in the circumstances. Revised, March 2006, to re? ect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 105. . 19 The successor auditor should request working papers for the period or periods under reaudit and the period prior to the reaudit period. However, the extent, if any, to which the predecessor auditor permits access to the working papers is a matter of judgment. See paragraph . 11 of this section. ) . 20 In a reaudit, the successor auditor generally will be unable to observe inventory or make carnal counts at the reaudit date or dates in the manner discussed in paragraphs . 09 through . 11 of section 331, Inventories. In such cases, the successor auditor may consider the knowledge obtained from his or her review of the predecessor auditors working papers and inquiries of the predecessor auditor to determine the nature, timing, and extent of procedures to be applied in the circumstances.The successor auditor performing the reaudit should, if material, observe or perform some physical counts of inventory at a date subsequent to the period of the reaudit, in connection with a current aud it or otherwise, and apply appropriate tests of intervening transactions. Appropriate procedures may include tests of prior transactions, reviews of records of prior counts, and the application of analytical procedures, such as gross pro? t tests. stripping of Possible Misstatements in Financial Statements Reported on by a Predecessor Auditor . 21 If during the audit or reaudit, the successor auditor becomes aware of information that leads him or her to believe that ? nancial statements reported on by the predecessor auditor may require revision, the successor auditor should request that the client inform the predecessor auditor of the situation and arrange for the ternion parties to discuss this information and attempt to resolve the matter.The successor auditor should communicate to the predecessor auditor any information that the predecessor auditor may need to consider in accordance with section 561, Subsequent Discovery of Facts Existing at the Date of the Auditors Report, whi ch sets out the procedures that an auditor should follow when the auditor subsequently discovers facts that may have affected the audited ? nancial statements previously reported on. 9 . 22 If the client refuses to inform the predecessor auditor or if the successor auditor is not satis? d with the resolution of the matter, the successor auditor should evaluate (a) possible implications on the current engagement and (b) whether to resign from the engagement. Furthermore, the successor auditor may wish to consult with his or her legal counsel in determining an appropriate course of further action. Effective Date .23 This section will be effective with respect to acceptance of an engagement after March 31, 1998. Earlier application is permitted. 9 See section 508, Reports on Audited Financial Statements, paragraphs . 70 through . 74, for reporting guidance. AU 315. 23 one hundred sixty .24The Standards of Field Work Appendix A illustrative Client consent and Acknowledgment Letter 1. Paragraph . 11 of this section states, The successor auditor should request that the client authorize the predecessor auditor to give up a review of the predecessor auditors working papers. The predecessor auditor may wish to request a consent and acknowledgment letter from the client to document this authorization in an effort to reduce misunderstandings about the scope of the communications being authorized. The following letter is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessary by professional standards. Date rudiment Enterprises Address You have give your consent to allow name of successor CPA ? rm, as successor independent auditors for ABC Enterprises (ABC), access to our working papers for our audit of the December 31, 19X1, ? nancial statements of ABC. You also have given your consent to us to respond fully to name of successor CPA ? rm inquiries. You understand and agree that the review of our working papers is undertaken solely for the purpose of obtaini ng an understanding about ABC and certain information about our audit to assist name of successor CPA ? m in planning the audit of the December 31, 19X2, ? nancial statements of ABC. amuse con? rm your agreement with the foregoing by signing and dating a copy of this letter and returning it to us. Attached is the form of the letter we will furnish name of successor CPA ? rm regarding the use of the working papers. Very rightfully yours, Predecessor Auditor By ___________________________ reliable ABC Enterprises By ___________________________ Date _________________ AU 315. 24 Communications Between Predecessor and Successor Auditors .25 161 Appendix B Illustrative Successor Auditor Acknowledgment Letter . Paragraph . 11, footnote 7, of this section states, Before permitting access to the working papers, the predecessor auditor may wish to obtain a written communication from the successor auditor regarding the use of the working papers. The following letter is presented for illust rative purposes only and is not required by professional standards. Successor Auditor Address We have previously audited, in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America, the December 31, 20X1, ? nancial statements of ABC Enterprises (ABC). We rendered a report on those ? ancial statements and have not performed any audit procedures subsequent to the audit report date. In connection with your audit of ABCs 20X2 ? nancial statements, you have communicate access to our working papers disposed(p) in connection with that audit. ABC has authorized our ? rm to allow you to review those working papers. Our audit, and the working papers ready in connection therewith, of ABCs ? nancial statements were not planned or conducted in contemplation of your review. Therefore, items of possible interest to you may not have been speci? cally addressed. Our use of professional judgment and the assessment of audit risk nd corporality for the purpose of our au dit mean that matters may have existed that would have been assessed other than by you. We make no representation as to the suf? ciency or correctness of the information in our working papers for your purposes. We understand that the purpose of your review is to obtain information about ABC and our 19X1 audit results to assist you in planning your 19X2 audit of ABC. For that purpose only, we will provide you access to our working papers that relate to that objective. Upon request, we will provide copies of those working papers that provide factual information about ABC.You agree to subject any such copies or information otherwise derived from our working papers to your normal polity for retention of working papers and protection of con? dential client information. Furthermore, in the event of a third-party request for access to your working papers prepared in connection with your audits of ABC, you agree to obtain our permission before voluntarily allowing any such access to our wo rking papers or information otherwise derived from our working papers, and to obtain on our behalf any releases that you obtain from such third party.You agree to advise us promptly and provide us a copy of any subpoena, summons, or other court launch for access to your working papers that include copies of our working papers or information otherwise derived therefrom. Please con? rm your agreement with the foregoing by signing and dating a copy of this letter and returning it to us. AU 315. 25 162 Very truly yours, Predecessor Auditor The Standards of Field Work By ___________________________ Accepted Successor Auditor By ___________________________ Date __________________ Even with the clients consent, access to the predecessor auditors working papers may still be limited.Experience has shown that the predecessor auditor may be willing to grant broader access if given additional assurance concerning the use of the working papers. Accordingly, the successor auditor might consider agreeing to the following limitations on the review of the predecessor auditors working papers in order to obtain broader access The successor auditor will not translation, orally or in writing, to anyone as a result of the review as to whether the predecessor auditors engagement was performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards.The successor auditor will not provide expert evidence or litigation support services or otherwise accept an engagement to comment on issues relating to the quality of the predecessor auditors audit. The successor auditor will not use the audit procedures or results thereof documented in the predecessor auditors working papers as audit evidence in reading an opinion on the 19X2 ? nancial statements of ABC Enterprises, except as contemplated in Statement on Auditing Standards No. 84. The following paragraph illustrates the aboveBecause your review of our working papers is undertaken solely for the purpose described above and may not entail a review of all our working papers, you agree that (1) the information obtained from the review will not be used by you for any other purpose, (2) you will not comment, orally or in writing, to anyone as a result of that review as to whether our audit was performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, (3) you will not provide expert testimony or litigation support services or otherwise accept an engagement to comment on issues relating to the quality of our audit, and (4) you will not use the audit procedures or results thereof documented in our working papers as audit evidence in rendering your opinion on the 19X2 ? nancial statements of ABC, except as contemplated in Statement on Auditing Standards No. 84. Revised, October 2000, to re? ect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 93. Revised, March 2006, to re? ect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 105. AU 315. 25

Dominican and Italian

Jonathan D. Iulo October 27, 2010 Topic Comparison Essays My Italian and Dominican families slope 105 I come from two different backgrounds which ar in truth sympathetic but different. I chose to write my comparison essay roughly the Dominican last which comes from my mothers side and the Italian culture which is my fathers. Comparing and showing the similarities of both cultures is in truth interesting since I grew up with both in the house. Both cultures try to keep to the highest degree of their homeland tradition here in the United States.These include religion, ethical motive and values, customs, language, music, and food. The Italians and the Dominicans are family oriented. The male role such(prenominal) as the father is macrocosm the care taker financially and plays an central role in decision make in the house. The hands in both cultures are the protectors. Many work force in both cultures are said to be jealous, which probably comes from being over protective. Th ey tend to be overprotective of their wifes and their daughters. The men is perceived to be the Macho in the family and the women are more of a delicate symbol.In both cultures, it is more acceptable for a man to restrain more than one girlfriend than for a woman. The female role such as the mother is the care giver, the one that soothes you when you are in lease and the one that cooks. Women are the ones that hold the family together exceptionally the mother and grandmother. Everyone comes to them for guidance. Women are supposed to preserve themselves for one man, although that is changing. The family always gets together on weekends and holidays. The family is very important and both passionateness to eat.Even though Italians love pasta and Dominicans love their rice and beans they have the coffee bean in common. They can drink coffee at breakfast, lunch, and dinner and its usually espresso. Both cultures also extol bread. They eat bread with coffee, chocolate milk, and foo d in general. Italians and Dominicans love gardening. Italians handle to produce their own fresh vegetables like zucchini, eggplants, and tomatoes. Dominicans like to plant flowers of some(prenominal) kinds, as well as peppers and cilantro, like my mom.There is a great remark for the mother and the elders. The mothers are the ones that mainly guide you spiritually and you need their eulogy when it comes to relationships. They both want their children to have an Italian or a Dominican as a future wife or husband. The elders are the keepers of register memories and are the root of the family. The grandparents are usually the ones teaching you the native language, in this case Spanish and Italian. Most Italians and Dominicans are catholic and religion plays an important part in their lives.The special religious events, seasons, and the church service in the federation are part of the cultural traditions. Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Easter traditions are very special events to b oth Dominicans and Italians. During these religious holidays the immediate and extended families get together for church and home festivities. The families enjoy the prayers, food, and music together. Both cultures are very similar and I believe this is one of the reasons my parents and the family get along well and I enjoy being part of both worlds.

Pretax accounting income Essay

On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line derogation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At celestial latitude 31, 2012, the carrying observe of the building was $30 million and its tax primer was $20 million. At declination 31, 2013, the carrying protect of the building was $28 million and its tax alkali was $13 million. There were no other temporary differences and no abiding differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million.Ameen uses straight-line disparagement for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax tush was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million. There were no other temporary differences and no ineradicab le differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million.Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million. There were no other temporary differences and no perm differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million.There were no other te mporary differences and no permanent differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31,

Building the Emotional Intelligence of Groups

80 HARVARD trade REVIEW By instanter, nearly executives gull accepted that unres practised intelligence is as critical as IQ to an souls rough-and-readyness. scarce to a great extent than of the substantial ferment in schemes is do in squads. New query unc both overs what unrestrained intelligence at the sort fork out up direct realises analogous-and how to achieve it operate on the Emotioncil perception of separateings W by Vanessa Urch Druskat and Steven B. Wolff chick MANAGERS EIRST STARTED HEARING ABOUT the excogitation of aflame intelligence in the 1990s, scales slash from their eyes.The basic message, that effectiveness in organizations is at least as overmuch some(a)what EQ as IQ, resonated deeply it was something that masses k sassy-made in their good smell nevertheless that had never before been so well articulated. Most eventful, the persuasion held the potential for positive mixture. Instead of universe stuck with the hand they d been dealt, people could hold open back steps to enhance their senseal intelligence and dumbfound themselves more effective in their exert and personal lives. Indeed, the concept of aroused intelligence had received shock absorber.The altogether twoer is that so farther al closely aroused intelligence has been viewed only as an soulfulness competency, when the squ beity is that most proceeding in organizations is d unity by squads. And if managers admit wiz pressing need today, its to find slip commission to gain ground ag assorts work fvirtuosother. borderland 2001 81 Building the stirred up newsworthiness of Groups It is with real excitement, thitherfore, that we sh be these findingsfromour research individual emotional intelligence has a chemical concourse analog, and it is just as critical to separates effectiveness. root word ups flowerpot develop great emotional intelligence and, in so doing, boost their over e real per signifierance. why Should gatherings Build Their wound up cognition? No oneness would dispute the importance of making bases work more effectively. But most research ab give a demeanor how to do so has center on identifying the task processes that distinguish the most successftil aggroups-that is, specifying the need for cooperation, participation, commitment to goals, and so forth. The assumption expects to be that, once identified, these processes commode but be imitated by other groups, with similar effect.Its non avowedly. By analogy, think of it this way a piano student slew be taught to play Minuet in G, exactly he wont be sustain a modem-day live with erupt spoting music theory and being able-bodied to play with nubble. Similarly, the real source of a great police squads success lies in the fundamental conditions that leave dirty dog effective task processes to emerge-and that cause extremitys to engage in them whole contedly. Our research tells us that three conditi ons are essential to a groups effectiveness trust among members, a sense of group identicalness, and a sense of group might.When these conditions are absent, sledding with the motions of cooperating and participating is unsounded possible. But the group will non be as effective as it could be, because members will choose to cut back back kinda than fully engage. To be most effective, the group necessitate to create emotionally smart as a whip averages -the attitudes and conducts that eventually become habits-that support behaviors for mental synthesis trust, group identity, and group expertness. The outcome is complete engagement in tasks. For more on how emotional intelligence infiuences these conditions, see the sidebar A Model of aggroup Effectiveness. ) at more takes. To understand the differences, lets first look at the concept of individual emotional intelligence as defined by Daniel Goleman. In his definitive book Emotional news program, Goleman explains the chief characteristics of somebody with spunky El he or she is mindful of emotions and able to regulate them-and this k nowadaysingness and regularization are directed two inward, to ones self, and outward, to others. Personal competence, in Golemans words, comes from being cognizant of and rule ones accept emotions. Social competenceis apprisedness and regulation of others emotions. A group, however, moldinessiness attend to yet another(prenominal) take of sentience and regulation. It must be mindful of the emotions of its members, its own group emotions or moods, and the emotions of other groups and individuals extracurricular its boundaries. In this article, well explore how emotional incompetence at whatever of these levels crowd out cause dysfunction. Well as well as show how examineing specific group averages that create sensory faculty and regulation of emotion at these three levels elicit lead to better outcomes.First, well focus on the individual level-how emotionally good for you(p) groups work with their individual members emotions. Next, well focus on the group level. Andfinally,well look at the cross-boimdary level. Working with Individuals Emotions /(// Kasper, point in time ofher companys client service department, is course tapped tojoin a new cross-functional police squad focused on enhancing the customer experience she has extensive experience in and a real passion for customer service. But her squadmatesfind she commences little more than a bad attitude to the table.At an early brainstorming session, Jill sits silent, arms crossed, peal her eyes. Whenever the squad up starts to get energized somewhat an idea, she launches into a detailed account of how a similar idea went nowhere in the past. The group is confused this is the customer service star theyve been hearing intimately? Little do they go steady shefeels insulted by the truly formation of the team up up. To her, it implies she hasnt done her job well enough. deuce-ace Levels of Emotional Interaction Make no mistake a team with emotionally wakeless members does not necessarily trifle for an emotionally innate(predicate) group.A team, like any brotherly group, takes on its own character. So creating an upward, self-reinforcing spiral of trust, group identity, and group efficacy requires more than a a few(prenominal) members who exhibit emotionally keen behavior. It requires a team atmosphere in which the norms descriptor emotional capacity (the qualification to respond constructively in emotionally uncomfortable situations) and sour emotions in constructive ways. Team emotional intelligence is more complicated than individual emotional intelligence because teams act 82When a member is not on the same emotional wavelength as the rest, a team postulate to be emotionally skilful vis-ci-vis that individual. In part, that simply meaning being sure of the problem. Having a norm that encourages interpersonal reasonablenes s might facilitate an awareness that Jill is acting out of defensiveness. And spliting up on this defensiveness is necessary if the team Vanessa Urch Druskat is an supporter professor of organizational behavior at the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland.Steven B. Wolff is an assistant professor of focus at the School of Management at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, New York. HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Building the Emotional Intelligence of Croups A Model of Team Effectiveness better decisions, more yeasty solutions, higher productivity athletic field after study has shown that teams are more creative and productive when they flowerpot achieve high levels of participation, cooperation, and collaboration among members. But interactive behaviors (ike these arent easy to legislate.Our work shows that tbree basic conditions need to be present before such behaviors potentiometer occur mutual trust among members, a sense of group identity (a feeling among members that they belong to a unique and worthwhile group), and a sense of group efficacy (the rulingthat the team locoweed perform well and that group members are more effective working together than apart). At the heart of these three conditions are emotions. Trust, a sense of identity, and a feeling of efficacy heighten in environments where emotion is well handled, so groups stand to turn a profit by building their emotional intelligence.Group emotional intelligence isnt a question of dealing with a necessary evil-catching emotions as they bubble up and promptly suppressing them. Far from it. Its about bringing emotions deliberately to the surface and understanding how they affect the teams work. Its also about behaving in ways that build relationships both inside and outside the team and that sustain tbe teams cap world power to face challenges. Emotional intelligence means exploring, embracing, and eventual(prenominal)ly relying on emotion in work that i s, at the end ofthe day, deeply world. articipation, cooperation, collaboration trust, identity, efficacy group emotional intelligence wants to make her imderstand its desire to amplify her good work, not misrepresent it. Some teams seem to be able to do this naturally. At Hewlett-Packard, for instance, we intentional of a team that was attempting to cross-train its members. The idea was that if for each one member could pinch-hit on e realone elses job, the team could deploy efforts to whatever task required the most attention.But one member seemed very uncomfortable with learning new skills and tasks accustomed to being a top producer in his own job, he scorned not knowing how to do a job perfectly. Luckily, his teammates recognized his discomfort, and rather than being annoyed, they redoubled their efforts to support him. This team benefited from a group norm it had established over time emphasizing interpersonal understanding. The norm had bragging(a) out of the groups real ization that working to accurately hear and understand one anothers feelings and concerns improved member morale and a willingness to cooperate.Many teams build high emotional intelligence by fetching pains to consider matters from an individual members perspective. Think of a situation where a team of four must reach a decision three favor one steerage and the fourth favors another. In the interest of expedience, many teams in this situation would fail instantly to a maMARCH 2001 jority vote. But a more emotionally intelligent group would pausefirstto hear out the objection. It would also ask if everyone were completely behind the decision, even if there appeared to be consensus.Such groups would ask, Are there any perspectives we incurnt heard yet or thought through completely? post taking is a team behavior that teamwork experts question a great deal but not in terms of its emotional consequence. Many teams are trained to use perspectivetaking techniques to make decisio ns or solve problems (a putting green tool is relation diagramming). But these techniques may or may not improve a groups emotional intelligence.The problem is that many of these techniques consciously attempt to remove emotion from the process by collecting and combining perspectives in a robotic way. A more effective approach to perspective taking is to take care that team members see one another making the effort to cope with perspectives that way, the team has a better chance of creating the kind of trust that leads to greater participation among members. An executive team at the Hay Group, a consulting firm, engages in the kind of deep perspective taking were describing.The team has done role-playing exercises in which members adopt othersopinions and styles of interaction. It has also used a storyboarding technique, in 83 Building ttie Emotional Intelligence of Croups which each member creates a short government note representing his or her ideas. As team members will at test, these methods and others meet service of processed the group build trust and increase participation. Regulating IndividualsEmotions Interpersonal understanding and perspective taking are two ways that groups eject become more aware of their members perspectives and feelings.But just as of import as awareness is the ability to regulate those emotions-to hand a positive impact on how they are expressed and even on how individual team members feel. Were not lecture about imposing groupthink or some other form of manipulation here- all the way, the goal must be to balance the teams cohesion with members individuality. Were simply acknowledging that people take their emotional cues from those around them. Something that seems upsetting initially can seem not so bad o r ten times worse depending on whether ones colleagues are inclined to smooth feathers or buff flames.The most constructive way of regulation team membersemotions is hy establishing norms in the group for bo th confrontation and pity. in a meeting where one team member arrived angry because the time and place of the meeting was very inconvenient for him. When another member announced the sacrifice the man had made to be there, and give thanksed him, the mans attitude turned around 180 degrees. In general, a caring orientation includes displaying positive regard, appreciation, and respect for group members through behaviors such as support, validation, and compassion.Interpersonal understanding, perspective taking, confrontation, caring-these norms build trust and a sense of group identity among members. And all of them can be established in teams where they dont arise naturally. You may ask, But is it really worth all the effort? Does it make sense to spend managerial time fostering new norms to book a few prickly personalities? Of course it does. Teams are at the very foundation of an organization, and they wont work effectively without mutual trust and a common commitment to goals . Working with Group EmotionsChris couldnt believe it, but he was requesting a reassignment The team he was on was doing good work, staying on budget, and hitting all its deadlines though not always eleIt may seem illogical to advert that an emotionally gantly. Its draw, Stan Evans, just got a promotion. So why intelligent group must engage in confrontation, but its was being on the team such a dumper? At the finish major stanot. Inevitably, a team member will coddle in behavior tus meeting, they should halt been serving champagne -so that crosses the line, and the team must feel comfortable much had been achieved.Instead, everyone was thoroughly calling the foul. In one manufacturing team we canvas, dispirited over a setback they hadnt foreseen, which turned a member told us about the day she selfishly stubborn to out later to be no big deal. It seemed no matter what hapextend her break. Before long, one of her teammates pened, the group griped. The team even saw Stans pro mostormed into the break room, saying, What are you dotion in a prohibit light Oh, so I guess management wants ing in here? Get back out on the floor-your team needs to keep a closer eye on us and I hear Stans new boss you The womanhood had overstepped tbe bounds, and doesnt back this project. Chris she got called on it. There were had a friend on another team no hard feelings, because the woman knew the group valued Inevitably, a team member will who was able to put in a good word for him. The work was inher contributions. indulge in behavior that crosses herently less interesting but hey, Some teams also find that a at least they were having fun. little bumor stand bys when pointing out fallible behavior. Teasing Some teams suffer because someone who is habitually late they arent aware of emotions comfortable calling the foul. or meetings, for instance, can at the group level. Chriss team, make that person aware of how for instance, isnt aware of all it has achieved, and i t doesnt hold that it has fallen important timeliness is to the group. Done compensate, coninto a malaise. n our study of effective teams, weve frontation can be seen in a positive light its a way for found tbat having norms for group self-awareness-of the group to say, We want you in-we need your conemotional states, strengths and weaknesses, modes of intribution. And its especially important when a team teraction, and task processes-is a critical part of group must work together on a long-term assignment. Without emotional intelligence tbat facilitates group efficacy. confrontation, disruptive behavior can fester and grate Teams gain it both through self-evaluation and by solicita sense of trust in a team. ing feedback from others. Establishing norms that reinforce caring behavior is often not very unenviable and usually a matter of concenSelf-evaluation can take tbe form of a dinner gown event trating on little things.When an individual is upset, for or a constant activity. At Sberwin Williams, a group of example, it may make all the difference to make up group managers was starting a new initiative that would require members disclose that persons feelings. We saw this higher levels of teamwork. Group members hired a con- the line, and the team mustfeel 84 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Building the Emotional Intelligence of Croups sultant, but before the consultant arrived, they met to assess their strengths and weaknesses as a team.They found that merely articulating the issues was an important step toward building their capabilities. A far less glob method of raising group emotional awareness is through the kind of activity we saw at the Veterans Health Administrations reduce for Leadership and Development. Managers there receive developed a norm in which they are encouraged to speak up when they feel the group is not being productive. For example, if theres a post-lunch lull and people on the team are low on energy, someone might say, Dont we look l ike a bunch of sad sacks? With attention called to it, the group makes an effort to focus. Emotionally commensurate teams dont wear blinders they have the emotional capacity to face potentially difficult information and actively seek opinions on their task processes, fall out, and performance from the outside. For some teams, feedback may come directly from customers. Others look to colleagues indoors the company, to suppliers, or to master copy peers. A group of decorators we studied routinely posts its work in progress on besieges throughout the building, with invitations to comment and critique.Similarly, many advertising agencies see yearbook industry competitions as a valuable source of feedback on their creative teams work. Croups are most creative when their members collaborate unreservedly. People encumbrance retention back when there is mutual trust, rooted in emotionally intelligent interactions. Regulating Group Emotions Many teams make conscious efforts to buil d team spirit. Team-building outings, whether purely social or Outward Bound-style physical challenges, are general methods for building this sense of collective enthusiasm.Whats going on here is that teams and their attractorship recognize they can improve a teams overall attitude-that is, they are regulating group-level emotion. And while the focus of a team-building exercise is often not directly related to a groups actual work, the benefits are highly relevant teams come away with higher emotional capacity and thus a greater ability to respond to emotional challenges. The most effective teams we have studied go far beyond the occasional ropes and rocks off-site. They have established norms that strengthen their ability to respond MARCH 2001 ffectively to the kind of emotional challenges a group confronts on a daily basis. The norms they favor accomplish three of import things they create resources for working with emotions, foster an affirmative environment, and encourage pr oactive problem solving. Teams need resources that all members can draw on to deal with group emotions. One important resource is a common vocabulary. To use an example, a group member at the Veterans Health Administration picked up on another members bad mood and told him that he was just sensitive today.The cranky term stuck and became the groups gentle way of letting someone know that their electronegativity was having a bad effect on the group. Other resources may include adjuvant ways to vent frustrations. One executive team leader we interviewed descri be intimate his teams practice of making time for a wailing wall a few minutes of whining and moaning about some setback. Releasing and acknowledging those damaging emotions, 85 Building the Emotional Intelligence of Croups the leader says, allows the group to refocus its attention on the parts of the situation it can control and wrinkle its energy in a positive direction.But sometimes, venting takes more than words. Weve seen more than one intense workplace outfitted with toys like well-situated projectile shooters-that have been used in games of cube warfare. Perhaps the most obvious way to build emotional capacity through regulating team-level emotion is simply to create an affirmative environment. Everyone values a team that, when approach with a challenge, responds with a can-do attitude. Again, its a question of having the duty group norms-in this font, favoring optimism, and positive images and interpretations over negative ones.This doesnt always come naturally to a team, as one executive we interviewed at the Hay Group knows. When external conditions create a cycle of negativity among group members, he takes it upon himself to change the atmosphere of the group. He consciously resists the temptation to join the kick and blaming and sooner tries to reverse the cycle with a positive, constructive note. One of the most effective norms we have seen for building a groups ability to respo nd to emotionally challenging situations is an emphasis on proactive problem solving.We saw a lot of this going on in a manufacturing team we sight at AMP Corporation. Much of what this team needed to hit its targets was out of its strict control. But rather than sit back and point palpates, the team worked hard to get what it needed from others, and in some cases, took matters into its own hands. In one instance, an alignment problem in a key gondola was creating faulty products. The team studied the problem and approached the engineering group with its own suggested objective for a part tbat might correct the problem.The device worked, and the number of defective products decreased significantly. Building Norms for Three Levels of Group Emotional Intelligence Group emotional intelligence is about the small acts that make a big difference. It is not about a team member working all night to meet a deadline it is about saying thank you for doir)g so. It is not about in-depth has h oution of ideas it is about asking a placidity member for his thoughts. It is not about harmony, lack of tension, and all members liking each other it is about acknowledging when harmony is false, tension is unexpressed, and treating others witb respect.The following sidebar outlines some of the small things tbat groups can do to establisb tbe norms that build group emotional intelligence. take them down a notch. And what was with that name, anyway? Some kind ofinsidejoke, Jim guessed. Too bad aught else got it The last kind of emotional intelligence any high-performing team should have relates to cross-boundary relationships, just as individuals should be mindful of their own emotions and others, groups should look both inward and outward emotionally.In the case of the Bugs, This kind of problem solving is valuable for many reathe team is acting like a refugee camp creating close emotional sons. It obviously serves the company by removing one ties within but ignoring the feel ings, needs, and conmore obstacle to profitability. But, to the point of our cerns of important individuals and teams in the broader work, it also shows a team in control of its own emotions. organization. It refused to feel powerless and was longing to take charge. Some teams have developed norms that are particularly helpful in making them aware of the broader organizational context.One practice is to have various team members act as liaisons to important constituencies. Many Jim sighed. The Bugs team was at it agair. Didnt they see teams are already made up of members move from different parts of an organization, so a cross-boundary perthat while they were high-fiving one another over their impressive productivity, the rest of the organization was paying spective comes naturally. Others need to work a little harder. One team we studied reahzed it would be imfor it? This time, in their self-managed wisdom, theyd deportant to understand the perspective of its labor union. ided to make a three monthssupply of one component. No Consequently, a team member from HR went to some rebirth meant no machine downtime and a record low lengths to discover the right channels for having a union cost per unit But now the group downstream was swamped with inventory it didnt need and worried about shortages of member appointed to the group. A cross-boundary perspective is especially important in situations where a something else. Jim braced himself for his visit to the floor. eams work will have significant impact on others in The Bugs didnt take criticism well they seemed to think they were flawless and that everyone else was just trying to the organization for example, where a team is asked to Working with Emotions right(prenominal) the Group 86 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Building the Emotional Intelligence of Groups Individual Interpersonal understand 1. lock time away from group tasks to get to know one another. 2. Have a clog in at the beginning of the meeting that is, ask how everyone is doing. 3. Assume that undesirable behavior takes place for a reason.Find out what that reason is. Ask questions and listen. distract negative attributions. 4. Tell your teammates what youre thinking and how youre feeling. Perspective Taking 1. Ask whether everyone agrees with a decision. 2. Ask quiet members what they think. 3. Question decisions that come too quickly. 4. Appoint a devils advocate. Group Team Self-Evaluation 1. Schedule time to examine team effectiveness. 2. bring forth measurable task and process objectives and then measure them. 3. Acknowledge and discuss group moods. 4. Communicateyour sense of what is transpiring in the team. 5. Allow members to call a process check. (For instance, a team member might say, Process check is this the most effective use of our time right now? ) pursuit Feedback 1. Askyourcustomershowyou are doing. 2. Post your work and invite comments. 3. Benchmark your processes. Cross-Boundary Organizational Understand ing 1. Find out the concerns and needs of others in the organization. 2. Consider who can influence the teams ability to accomplish its goals. 3. Discuss the culture and politics inthe organization. 4. Ask whether proposed team actions are congruent with the organizations culture and politics. Norms That Create Awareness of EmotionsNorms That Help puzzle Emotions Confrortting 1. Set ground rules and use them to point out errant behavior. 2. think members on errant behavior. 3. Create playful devices for pointing out such behavior. These often emerge from the group spontaneously. honour them. Caring 1. Support members volunteer to help them if they need it, be flexible, and provide emotional support. 2. Validate members contributions. Let members know they are valued. 3. Protect members from attack. 4. Respect individuality and differences in perspectives. Listen. 3. Never be derogatory or demeaning. Creating Resources for Working with Emotion 1.Make time to discuss difficult issu es, and address the emotions that surround them. 2. Find creative, shorthand ways to acknowledge and express the emotion in the group. 3. Create fun ways to acknowledge and relieve stress and tension. 4. Express acceptance of members emotions. Creating an Affirmative Environment 1. Reinforce that the team can meet a challenge. Be optimistic. For example, say things like, We can get through this orNothing will stop us 2. Focus on what you can control. 3. actuate members of the groups important and positive mission. 4. Remind the group how it solved a similar problem before. 5.Focus on problem solving, not blaming. Solving Problems Proactively 1. Anticipate problems and address them before they happen. 2. Take the initiative to understand and get what you need to be effective. 3. Do ityourself if others arent responding. rely on yourself, not others. Building External Relationships 1. Create opportunities for networking and interaction. 2. Ask about the needs of other teams. 3. Prov ide support for other teams. 4. Invite others to team meetings if they might have a stake in what you are doing. MARCH 2001 87 Building the Emotional Intelligence of Groups jut an intranet to serve everyones needs.Weve seen gaining the trust of outsiders, adopting an ambasmany situations in which a team is so enamored of its so- sadorial role instead of an isolationist one. lution that it is caught completely by surprise when othA manufacturing team we saw at KoSa displayed very ers in the company dont divide its enthusiasm. high social skills in working with its sustentation team. It recognized that, when problems occurred in the demonstrate, Some of the most emotionally intelligent teams we the maintenance team often had many activities on its have seen are so attuned to their broader organizational plate.All things being equal, what would make the maincontext that it affects how they instal and communicate tenance team consider this particular manufacturing their own needs a nd accomplishments. A team at the group a high priority? cognise a good relationship chemical- impact company KoSa, for example, felt it would be a factor, the manufacturing team worked hard needed a new piece of manufacturing equipment, but seto build good ties with the maintenance people.At one nior management wasnt so sure the purchase was a pripoint, for instance, the manufacturing team showed its ority. Aware that the decision makers were tranquillize on the appreciation by nominating the maintenance team for fence, the team decided to emphasize the employee safety Team of the Quarter recognition-and then doing all benefits of the new machine-just one aspect of its desirthe letter writing and behind-the-scenes praising that ability to them, but an issue of paramount importance to management.At a plant safety meeting attended by high- would ultimately help the maintenance team win. In turn, the manufacturing teams good relationship with level managers, they made the case that the equipment maintenance helped it become one of the highest prothey were seeking would greatly reduce the pretend of injury ducers in the plant. to workers. A few weeks later they got it. Sometimes, a team must be particularly aware of the needs and feelings of another group witbiin the organizaA Model for Group Emotional tion.We worked with an information technology comIntelligence pany where the hardware engineers worked distributively from the software engineers to achieve the same goalWeve been discussing the need for teams to learn to faster processing and fewer crashes. Each could achieve channel emotion effectively at the three levels of human only so much independently. When finally a hardware interaction important to them team to individual memteam leader went out of bis way to build relationships ber, team to itself, and team to outside entities.Together, with the software people, the two teams began to coopthe norms weve been exploring help groups work with erate and together, they achieved 20% to 40% higher per- emotions productively and intelligently. Often, groups formance than had been targeted. with emotionally intelligent members have norms like these in place, but its unlikely any group would unconThis kind of positive outcome can be facilitated by sciously come up with all the norms we have outhned. norms that encourage a group to recognize the feelIn other words, this is a model for group emotional intelings and needs of other groups.We saw effective norms ligence that any work team for interteam awareness at a could benefit from by applying division of AMP, where each it deliberately. inheritable seen many situations manufacturing team is responsible for(p) for a step in the manufacWhat would the ultimate in which a team is so enamored emotionally intelligent team turing process and they need one another to complete the look like? Closest to the ideal of its solution that it is caught product on time. Team leaders are some of the te ams weve there meet in the aurora to completely by surprise when seen at IDEO, the celebrated understand the needs, resources, industrial design firm.IDEOs and schedules of each team. If others in the company dont creative teams are responsible one team is ahead and another for the look and feel of products share its enthusiasm. is behind, they reallocate relike Apples first mouse, the sources. Members of the faster Crest toothpaste tube, and the team help the team thats behind and do so in a friendly typewriter ribbon V personal digital assistant. Thefirmroutinely wins way that empathizes with their situation and builds the competitions for the form and function of its designs and relationship. even has a business that teaches creative problem-solving techniques to other companies.Most of the examples weve been citing show teams that are not only aware of but also able to influence outThe nature of IDEOs work calls for high group emosiders needs and perspectives. This ability to regulate tional intelligence. Under pressure of client deadlines and emotion at the cross-boundary level is a groups version of budget estimates, the company must deliver innovative, the social skills so critical to individual emotional intel- aesthetic solutions that balance human needs with engiligence. It involves developing external relationships and neering realities. Its a deep philosophical belief at IDEO 88HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Building ttie Emotional Intelligence of Croups that great design is best accomplished through the crerelationships with those individuals and groups. On disative friction of diverse teams and not the solitary pursuit play at IDEO is a curious model a toy truck with plastic of smart as a whip individuals, so its imperative that the teams at pieces on springs that pop out of the bed of the truck IDEO click. In our study of those teams, we found group when a loss is pressed. It turns out the model comnorms supporting emotional intelligence at all th ree levmemorates an incident that taught a variety of lessons. ls ofour model. The story centers on a design team that had been working for three weeks on a very complex plastic enclosure First, the teams at IDEO are very aware of individual for a product. Unfortunately, on team members emotions, and the Thursday before a Monday they are adept at regulating A team can have everything client deadline, when an engithem. For example, an IDEO deneer was taking it to be painted, signer became very preclude going for it-the brightest and it slipped from his pickup bed because someone from marketand exploded on ing was take a firm stand a logo be apmost qualified people, access to 70 mph.The team the road at was willing plied to the designers product, to work through the weekend to which he felt would ruin it visuresources, a clear mission but construct the part but couldnt finally. At a meeting about the prodish it without the help of the still fail because it lacks group uct, the team s project leader outside narrator it had used picked up on the fact that someemotional intelligence. on the original. Because they thing was wrong. The designer had taken the time to build a was sitting off by himself, and things didnt look right. The project leader looked into the situation and then initiated a dialog that led to a mutual solution. IDEO team members also confront one another when they break norms. This is common during brainstorming sessions, where the rule is that people must defer judgment and avoid shooting down ideas. If someone breaks that norm, the team comes down on him in a playful yet strong-arm way imagine being pelted by foam toys). Or if someone is out of line, the norm is to stand up and call her on it immediately.If a client is in the room, the confrontation is subtler- perhaps a kick under the chair. Teams at IDEO also demonstrate strengths in groupfocused emotional intelligence. To ensure they have a high level of self-awareness, teams constantly seek feedback from both inside and outside the organization. Most important, they work very closely with customers. If a design is not meeting customer expectations, the team finds out quickly and takes steps to modify it. Regulating group emotion at IDEO often means providing outlets for stress. This is a company that believes in playing and having fun.Several hundred finger blasters (a toy that shoots soft projectiles) have been placed around the building for employees to pick up and start shooting when theyre frustrated. Indeed, the design firms culture welcomes the expression of emotions, so its not uncommon for someone whether happy or angryto stand up and yell. IDEO has even created fun office projects that people can work on ifthey need a break. For example, they might have a project to design the company holiday card or to design the tourist stop displays seen by visitors.Finally, IDEO teams also have norms to ensure they are aware of the needs and concerns of people outsi de their boundaries and that they use that awareness to develop tWARCH 2 0 0 1 good relationship with the fabricator, its people were willing to go above and beyond the call of duty. The lighthearted display was a way for teammates to show the engineer that all was forgiven-and a reminder to the rest of the organization of how a team in crisis can get by with a little help from its friends. Where Do Norms Come From? Not every company is as dependent on teams and their emotional intelligence as IDEO.But now more than ever, we see companies depending on teams for decisions and tasks that, in another time, would have been the work of individuals. And unfortunately, we also see them discovering that a team can have everything going for it-the brightest and most qualified people, access to resources, a clear mission-but still fail because it lacks group emotional intelligence. Norms that build trust, group identity, and group efficacy are the key to making teams click. They allow an othe rwise highly mean and resourced team to fulfill its potential, and they can help a team faced with substantial challenges achieve surprising victories.So how do norms as powerful as the ones weve describe in this article come about? In our research, we saw them being introduced from any of five basic directions by formal team leaders, by informal team leaders, by courageous followers, through training, or ft-om the larger organizational culture. (For more on how to establish the norms described in this article, see the sidebarBuilding Norms for Three Levels of Group Emotional Intelligence. ) At the Hay Group, for example, it was the deliberate action of a team leader that helped one group see the importance of emotions to the groups overall effectiveness.Because this particular group was self-possessed of managers 89 Building ttie Emotional Intelligence of Groups from many different cultures, its leader knew he couldnt assume all the members possessed a high level of interpersonal understanding. To establish that norm, he introduced novelties like having a meeting without a tahle, using smaller groups, and conducting an inventory of team membersvarious learning styles. Interventions like these can probably be done only by a formal team leader. The ways informal leaders or other team members enhance emotional intelligence are typically more subtle, though often just as powerful.Anyone might advance the cause, for example, by speech up if the group appears to be ignoring an important perspective or feeling-or simply by doing his or her part to create an affirmative environment. Training courses can also go a long way toward increasing emotional awareness and showing people how to regulate emotions. We know of many companies that now focus on emotional issues in leadership development courses, dialog and communication workshops, and employee-assistance programs like those for stress management.These training programs can sensitize team members to the importan ce of establishing emotionally intelligent norms. Finally, perhaps more than anything, a team can be influenced by a broader organizational culture that recognizes and celebrates employee emotion. This is clearly the case at IDEO and, we believe, at many of the companies creating the greatest value in the new economy. Unfortu- nately, its the most difficult piece ofthe puzzle to put in place at companies that dont already have it. For organizations with long histories of employees checking their emotions at the door, change will occur, if at all, one team at a time. change state Intelligent About Emotion The research presented in this article arosefromone unbiased imperative in an era of teamwork, its essential to figure out what makes teams work. Our research shows that, just like individuals, the most effective teams are emotionally intelligent ones-and that any team can attain emotional intelligence. In this article, weve seek to lay out a model for positive change, containing the most important t3pes of norms a group can create to enhance its emotional intelligence. Teams, like all groups, operate according to such norms.By working to establish norms for emotional awareness and regulation at all levels of interaction, teams can build the solid foundation of trust, group identity, and group efficacy they need for true cooperation and collaboration-and high performance overall. 9 Reprint R0103E To order reprints, see the last page of Executive Summaries. To further explore the topic of this article, go to www. hbr. org/explore. (Al j-iywi 1 Im in a rut They throw the ball, I bring it back. They throw it again, I bring it back again. Whats the point of it ail? 90 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW

Nano Robots Essay

ABSTRACTNanorobotics is the technology of creating appliances or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (109 meters). more(prenominal) specifically, nanorobotics refers to the still largely hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and build nanorobots, devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular(a) comp acents. As no semisynthetic non-biological Nanorobots have yet been lay downd, they bear on a hypothetical concept. The names nanobots, nanoids, nanites or nanomites have likewise been used to describe these hypothetical devices.INTRODUCTION there are pressing needs in biological research immediately the cost of getting unused medicinal drugs to market is estimated to be 1$ cardinal by 2015, time to market has increased and failure rates remain shockingly high. Illnesses much(prenominal) as cancer,neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases continue to ravage stack around the world. The broad field of nano medicinal drug seeks to address many of these needs in biology, creating the not so quite as broad discipline of nanobiotechnology. In the last decade, progress in developing nano sized hybrid therapeutics and drug deli genuinely systems has been remarkable. These nanoscale and often multicomp geniusnt constructs can be seen as the first nanomedicines, already bringing clinical benefits. A good flow of related technologies is also in development. that are these Nanomedicines really unsanded? The educated reception is not really. The concepts of antibody-conjugates, liposomes and polymer-conjugates stem from the 1970s.At first, they were seen as competing technologies only one would emerge as a magic bullet for all drugtargeting applications. But each has advantages and disadvantages. Antibodies have exquisite authority for selective targeting besides, even out as benignantized proteins, can be immunogenic. Liposomes have high drug-carrying capacity, notwithstanding can any release drug besides quickly or entrap it too strongly and are prone to capture by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), even when polymer coated. Similarly, it ishard to steer nanoparticles away from the RES after intravenous injection. The rarefied delivery system often merges benefits of two or more technologies. As we mark the birth of nanomedicine, it is worth reflecting on the revolution it could bring to healthcare.It is inwrought that benefits of genomics and proteomics research and advances in drug delivery, are quickly harnessed to absorb improvements in diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology is already making a key contribution, but this is just the start. There are opportunities to design nanosized, bioresponsive systems able to diagnose and thence deliver drugs (theranostics), and systems able to promote tissue regeneration and repair (in disease, hurt and ageing), circumventing chem lay downer(a)apy. These ideas whitethorn seem li ke science fiction, but to dismiss them would be foolish. Risks and benefits must be addressed carefully to yield useful and proficient technologies. An interdisciplinary approach provide ensure that the exciting potential of nano medicines many facets will be a practical creation in the foreseeable future.The tightly-integrated interdisciplinary team of aesculapian researchers, pharmaceutical scientists, physicists, chemists, and chemic engineers, has an extensive range of expertise to facilitate research on nanomedicine.The long term goal is the development of novel and revolutionary bio molecular machine components that can be assembled and form multi-degree-offreedom nanodevices that will apply forces and manipulate objects in the nanoworld, transfer information from the nano to the macro world, and travel in the nanoenvironment. These machines are judge to be highly efficient, controllable, economical in mass production, and fully running(a) with minimal supervision. Th ese ultraminiature robotic systems and nano-mechanical devices will be the biomolecular electro-mechanical hardware of future biomedical applications(IGERT).NANOROBOTS WHAT atomic number 18 THEY?Nanorobots are theoretical microscopic devices measured on the scale of nanometers (1nm equals one millionth of 1 millimeter). When fully realized from the hypothetical stage, they would work at the atomic, molecular and cellular level to perform tasks in both the medical and industrial fields that have heretofore been the stuff of science fiction. Nanomedicines nanorobots are so tiny that they can easily traverse the humankind body.Scientists report the exterior of a nanorobot will likely be constructed of hundred atoms in a diamondoid structure be exertion of its inert properties and strength.Super-smooth surfaces will lessen the likelihood of triggering the bodys immune system, allowing the nanorobots to go about their business unimpeded. Glucose or natural body sugars and oxygen forc e be a generator for propulsion and the nanorobot will have other biochemical or molecular parts depending on its task. Nanomachines are largely in the researchand-development phase 1, but some primitive molecular machines have been tested. An example is a sensing element having a switch approximately .DISADVANTAGES The initial design cost is very high. The design of the nanorobot is a very complicated one. Electrical systems can create stray fields which may activate bioelectric-based molecular recognition systems in biology. Electrical nanorobots are susceptible to electrical interference from external sources such as rf or electric fields, EMP pulses, and stray fields from other in vivo electrical devices. Hard to Interface, Customize and Design, Complex Nanorobots can cause a brutal risk in the field of terrorism. The terrorism and anti groups can make use of nanorobots as a new form of torturing the communities as nanotechnology also has the capability of destructing the huma n body at the molecular level. Privacy is the other potential risk involved with Nanorobots. As Nanorobots deals with the designing of compact and minute devices, there are chances for more eavesdropping than that already exists. Nanotechnology as a diagnostic and interference tool for patients with cancer and diabetes showed how hard-hitting developments in new manufacturing technologies are enabling innovative works which may assist in constructing and employing nanorobots most effectively for biomedical problems. Nanorobots applied to medicine check out a wealth of promise from eradicating disease to reversing the aging performance (wrinkles, prejudice of bone mass and age-related conditions are all treatable at the cellular level) nanorobots are also candidates for industrial applications.They will provide personalised treatments with ameliorate cogency and reduced sideeffects that are not in stock(predicate) today. They will provide combined action drugs marketed with diagnostics, imaging agents acting as drugs, operating theater with instant diagnostic feedback. The advent of molecular nanotechnology will once again hit the ceiling enormously the effectiveness, comfort and speed of future medical treatments magic spell at the same time significantly reducing their risk, cost, and invasiveness. This science might earpiece like a fiction now, but Nanorobotics has strong potential to overturn healthcare, to treat disease in future. It opens up new shipway for vast, broad research work. Nanotechnology will change health care and human flavor more profoundly than other developments.Consequently they will change the manikin of the industry, broadening the product development and marketing interactions between Pharma, Biotech, Diagnostic and healthcare industries.Future healthcare will make use of sensitive new diagnostics for an change personal risk assessment. Highest impact can be expected if those major diseases are addressed first, wh ich impose the highest burden on the aging population cardiovascular diseases, cancer, musculoskeletal conditions, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, diabetes, and viral infections. multinational Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences Nanomedicine holds the promise to lead to an earlier diagnosis, better therapy and improved follow up care, making the health care more effective and affordable. Nanomedicine will also allow a more personalised treatment for many diseases, exploiting the in-depth understanding of diseases on a molecular level.CONCLUSIONNanotechnology as a diagnostic and treatment tool for patients with cancer and diabetes showed how actual developments in new manufacturing technologies are enabling innovative works which may help in constructing and employing nanorobots most effectively for biomedical problems. Nanorobots applied to medicine hold a wealth of promise from eradicating disease to reversing the aging process (wrinkles, loss of bone mass and age-relat ed conditions are all treatable at the cellular level) nanorobots are also candidates for industrial applications. They will provide personalised treatments with improved efficacy and reduced side effects thatare not available today.They will provide combined action drugs marketed with diagnostics, imaging agents acting as drugs, surgery with instant diagnostic feedback. The advent of molecular nanotechnology will again expand enormously the effectiveness, comfort and speed of future medical treatments while at the same time significantly reducing theirrisk, cost, and invasiveness. This science might sound like a fiction now, but Nanorobotics has strong potential to revolutionize healthcare, to treat disease in future. It opens up new ways for vast, abundant research work.Nanotechnology will change health care and human life more profoundly han other developments. Consequently they will change the forge of the industry, broadening the product development and marketing interactions between Pharma, Biotech, Diagnostic and health care industries. Future healthcare will make use of sensitive new diagnostics for an improved personal risk assessment.

Effect of Technology on Human Life

HAS TECHNOLOGY DELIVERED ON ITS PROMISE OF HUMAN BETTERMENT? PRESENTED TO DR. KRISTEN DOMIKE BY IMAOBONG UMOESSIEN 114279 ON 20 NOVEMBER 2012 UPEI ABSTRACT The practise of this research was to infer and answer the interrogation Has applied science De tarryred On Its Promise Of Human Betterment? . To do so, we searched for the ca practise of aesculapian checkup applied science on humans, use articles from the textbook and internet, the summary of lectures underg ane e preciseplace the semester and in-person experience.Using estimates from the article The Blow Back Of Duality, I concord that as checkup engineering science became progressively fruitful, we encounter even more(prenominal) harmful diseases, although I disagreed with the author that this is basis for refuting the total effect of engine room on health. From the article The spatial relation Modern A Transp atomic number 18nt party, the author says that the visual sense media has cause more confusion, ho wever the media has also coiffe it thinkable for the public to be awake of aesculapian examination services.Innovations such as robotics and modify communication corpses in medical exam engineering science hurl lessened the study load of professionals, allowed patients to be more involved in their health cod to portable devices similar diabetic regulation lenses and learning, and increased longevity. Through demonst commit various benefits of medical technology like to human betterment, it was concluded that technology has indeed delivered on its promise of human betterment. engine room is moving at a whirlwind pace, growing exponentially, al just about alarmingly, and as we get over our awe of the break withs in technology, we begin to see the disadvantages, like the constantly improving weapon of weed destruction. In our alarm, we realize taken a step confirm and make up the question to ourselves Has Technology Delivered On Its Promise Of Human Betterment? . T he detail that we pauperisation to ask this question means that we are doubting the move signifi plunderce of technology to our daily lives.To answer this question, we must initiative understand what technology is. There are some(prenominal) definitions we ass use, notwithstanding for the purpose of this paper, I pull up stakes define technology as the modification of the intrinsic environment in order to satisfy perceived human need and motives via the use of tools and the application of science. There are many applications of technology and the position that it is so broad a topic forces us to chose one system where technology has been applied to answer this question clearly.From my point of bet, the health firmament is a perfect example. medical examination technology is designed to improve the detection, diagnosis, discussion and monitoring of disease and illness and has been around since the cave man began using rocks as tools to perform trephening, a process whe re a hole is made in the body cavity in order to remove particles or release pressure, such as in the skull. Health look at is the diagnosis, ginmill and manipulation of physical and mental impairments in humans.In the 1990s, the annual mortality rate was one in forty two Americans, and the vitality expectancy was cubic decimeter years. Today, the average person has a life expectancy of septettety seven years with an annual mortality rate of one in a hundred and twenty five people ( issue Bureau of Economic Research). Because of advances in the quality of health care, a quality made possible because of medical technology, we can live continuing and healthier. Being crippled no longer limits the variety of activities that you can indulge in.In terms of the health care industry, Technology has delivered on its promise of human betterment, because the health care industry is drive by advances in technology, such as the synthesis of drugs like penicillin which was the jump drug that was effective against many serious diseases such as syphilis, improvement in machinery like the Magnetic Resonance Imaging which allows us to view internal structures of the body in detail and health care has amend human life and longevity. medical examination technology has allowed for the control and bring round of many diseases initially thought to be impossible to cure.Many of us countenance hear of the down(p) death, also k right awayn as the bubonic shame. The bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is transmitted from small rodents and their fleas to human and kills two thirds of give humans within four days. In the sixth century, the first put down epidemic of the bubonic plague killed approximately twenty five one thousand thousand people in the roman empire only. In the fourteenth century, the black death struck again, killing 30% 60% of the European state and a third of humanity (THE MIDDLE AGES. NET ).In the pre-antibiotic era, that is, before on that point was any medication (1900-1941), the mortality rate of those infected with the plague was 66%. Today in the unite States, it has decreased to 11% ( horror in the United States). This is an instance where the effect of medical technology is pro imbedly shown. Today, with the proper treatment we see the bubonic plague as an inconvenience as inappropriate to the death sentence it was merely sixty years ago. However, as medical technology has made us more proficient in handling diseases, more dangerous diseases have sprung up for us to face.With the advancement in health came the advancement in the nature of illnesses set about daily, like cancer. This can be related to Jean Baudrillards point of view in the article The Blow Back Of Duality (Baudrillard, 2012). He believed that the blow pole of duality is the way the universely concern works already, an inevitable reconstruction of the ball by nature that occurs as a reaction to our attempts to perfect the world we live in, in this case, curing ourselves of the black death. He goes on to use various examples to explain this, such as the paradox surrounded by life and death.In our attempt to perfect ourselves, we reject the fact that death is non the unholy opposite of life, but instead an alternate form of existence, much like how winter is not the opposite of spring, but instead an alternative die catchy condition. He pointed out that we are subject to gift and counter effect- a concept not too far from the scientific statement every action has an equal and opposite reaction. For example, the counter effect of act of terrorism against the gift of a government.I believe that this theory of the blow rear end of duality, with regards to medical science is exceptional. If we take past experiences like the plague as an example, we can infer that as technology increases in complexity, it entrust provide answers to questions we take upt have yet, much like how we have answers to the plague imm ediately but no answers to a disease like Epidermolysis Bullosa, a heritable connective tissue disease (Staff, 2011), and as it provides these answers, technology will make more questions in the process. This is a fine example of the blow back of duality.The mass media plays a great role in the conduction of medical activities. Due to the way entropy is shared indiscriminately on amicable networks patients have cause a part of the diagnostic process. People now actively look up their symptoms in order to have an view about what is wrong with them. Such self-serve elements could serve as helpful or detrimental. It would be helpful in the sense that the patient can have an in depth knowledge of what is wrong with them and have access to a wide range of knowledge that doctors do not always have.However, it could be detrimental should a patient come across the wrong information due to the wealth of information available. The variety of opinions available to us could also cause confu sion, a situation well explained in Gianni Vattimos article, The Post Modern A Transparent Society (Vattimo, 2012). Because the media, a sector of technology, is divinatory to shed light on information, the counter effect it has of puzzling does not deliver on technologys promise of human betterment.He explains that the mass media, instead of making for a transparent society as it promised, exposes the voices of the minorities which will instead complicate the society with its differing viewpoints. Because of so many views being known, one can no longer have a single intelligence of reality, forcing people to adopt the intersections of so many different viewpoints made aware to us by the mass media. This would cause a more confusing reality as opposed to the transparency that the media promised.This is true when it comes to looking for information on medical conditions, as it often leads to confusion and differing opinions. However, I have found from personal experiences that huma n beings need to understand the things that affect them. If we want to only speak theoretically, then it would be beneficial if people didnt search beyond what medical practitioners tell them but that is never the case. The media forces medical practitioners to be careful about their practice of medicine through its examination of their activities and practices, which results in a high quality of healthcare.Since hospitals and firms want to succeed, they need to have outstanding credentials and standards. The media broadcasts these standards which results in the double effect of making organizations responsible and enhancing medical ethics. Wikis, networks and other communion tools have given patients access to prefatory information which allows them manage their own health, limiting hospital wind ups and saving lives in some cases, for instance, in the publicizing of practices such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first aid. nd first aid. Also, the media makes the world an d general public aware of advances that may be of benefit to them much sooner than word of mouth. The media also provides an perennial entropybase for information, and allows people from different parts of the world to also share personal experiences of treatments they received in their countries which can help others in places where such practices are not as common. The media creates awareness and allows people to get active in good causes.A good example can be seen in MTVs collaboration with foursquare, where users of foursquare, a social network, are entered to win a trip for two to New York city and backstage passes to shows on MTV when they get themselves tried for STD,s, a campaign that sought to help young people become more aware of how common STDs are according to MTV, one in two people will contract an STD by age 25. (Johnson, 2010) When faced with these benefits, confusion stirred by the media, which can be cleared up by a trip to a nearby pharmacy, becomes an insig nificant downside.Medical technology has gone beyond the media and plagues. There are many medical technology advancements underway, some already ongoing, robotic surgery for instance. Robotic surgery is the use of robots made in order to perform an array of surgical procedures in a minimally invasive manner. This is known as minimally invasive surgery, an advancement in health care which allows the surgeon to avoid full exposure of the structures and variety meat involved in a surgical procedure.This technological advancement has eliminated the mostphysically and emotionally traumatic elements the pain and lengthy recovery from loose surgery. It has resulted in shorter hospital stays which saves money, less pain which increases comfort and quicker recoveries which promotes efficiency. Medical robots limit blood going away and are more precise. They exsert doctors a clear magnified view that doctors could not get before, because their pass on where in the way. Another kind of m edical robot aids in dispensing ethical drugs. edication errors harm 1. 5 million people each year in the U. S. , kill several thousand and bell the nations healthcare system at least $3. 5 billion, according to a July 2006 report from the Institute of Medicine. The prescription dispensing robot eliminates the room for human error while doing the melodic line eighter from Decatur times faster and allowing pharmacists to get more involved with patients (Technology and Medicine). Another innovative technological advancement is the Nanocomposite Contact Lenses for treating diabetes.This technology embeds nanoparticles into hydro gel lenses, which react with glucose molecules found in tears and cause a chemical reaction that alteration ones eye colour. These specially made contact lenses for diabetics would ceaselessly alert them to variations in their glucose levels simply by looking in a mirror. (7 Realy Cool Medical Tech Advancements Underway, 2010). On the iPhone it is already possible for individuals to throwaway their blood pressure through available apps. My mother used to use a heart rate monitor that alerted her as to when to take her drugs.Yet another(prenominal) hot topic in medicine is therapeutic cloning, a very controversial topic to say the least. And though it has been banned, its implications could be very useful. remediation cloning aims to create embryonic stem cells that could be used to cure diseases or grow supercedement organs. If it were allowed, this new technology could be used in many areas. It could be used with burn victims to regrow damage skin, in the loss of a limb to regrow limbs and even nous damage where we can regenerate dead brain cells.An exceptional idea is the remote monitoring of patients from shoes, made possible by the use of pressure-sensitive mats in a patients bed. This technology will allow doctors to remotely monitor quiescency patterns of their patients and detect abnormal situations such as fevers, bre athing problems or falls. info from the sensor mat is transmitted to the hospital securely over the network and, if a patients movements deviate from the normal pattern, alerts are sent electronically to doctors, 911, or family members.The mat can be less intrusive and more efficacious than a video camera, visiting nurse or caregiver, and may be suitable for seniors who need regular monitoring but are unwilling to enter a nursing home. It may be argued that these technologies will replace one on one personal care that only practised healthcare professionals can deliver, but we can counter argue that not only does this allow medical professional to keep closer tabs on patients, this will also give the elderly a sense of haughtiness by allowing them to still be self sufficient without leaving them alone.Another significant aspect of medicine where technology has and will come in handy is in the collection, storage and transfer of patient data and details. Communication between patients and doctors can extend beyond face to face meetings, allowing patients to communicate with their doctors through emails and instant messaging. Video chat provides a means for doctors to oversee medical process in dire situations over long distances, such as a situation where medical attention is required in hard to reach areas.The digitization of healthcare, particularly in patient records, and the automation of back office operations such as filing and filling of data create a foundation for a future that offers more high-octane patient care and cost savings and environmental friendly perspectives, by reducing the use of paper. For example, patient records can be accessed at a patients bedside via PDA. Pictures of a patients injuries can be forwarded by paramedics from an separatrix site to help emergency hospital personnel assess and tack for treatment while the patient is enroute to the hospital. Nortel Networks Corperation, 2009) Over the next decade, there will be major impacts of technology in healthcare, some of which are * Up to date electronically clinic records which will allow staff to keep spark advance of a patients existing drug and allergies to reduce chance of errors. * Equipment tracking which will allow apparatus to be found quickly for use, maintenance, and tracked for loss or theft. * Multiple storage sites and networking will prevent loss of medical records and also made available when required. Community health will be interconnected with hospitals and other healthcare sites such as clinics, doctor offices and home care services to help provide quality patient care outside the bricks and mortar of a hospital. This will allow hospitals to decrease cost by managing resources more in effect. It can be argued that with the advancement in technology, there will be less job openings available due to robots doing the job of humans, or that the quality of patient-doctor relationships will diminish greatly because of gadgets.The fact is that as with everything in the world, there will be advantages and disadvantages. We have to weigh the pros and cons and subside which factors are more important than others. Medical technology allows us not just to save lives, but to do it efficiently and painlessly, allows us to live longer, giving us more time to spend on earth with our loved ones. It allows us to aid people regardless of where we are via the sharing of knowledge. When pit against quality of relationships, these things are monumental. The possibilities and reaches of Medical technology is merely cacography the surface.By simplifying time-consuming processes like prescription dispensing and eliminating some of the major causes of medical errors, technology will ensure the right skill level and right cost structure is in place to provide the best care effectively and efficiently. Technology may not solve all of the worlds healthcare systems ills, but its certainly a good place to start. These points help to c ertify that technology has delivered on its promise of human betterment, and from my point of view, will continue to do so for a long time to come.Works Cited 7 Realy Cool Medical Tech Advancements Underway. (2010, January 7). Retrieved November 18, 2012, from SherWeb http//blog. sherweb. com/7-really-cool-medical-tech-advancements-underway/ Baudrillard, J. (2012). The Blow Back of Duality. In R. Srigley, D. Coll, A. Duncan, G. Germain, C. Lacroix, Dreams of Perfection Globalization and its Critics (pp. 40-42). Oxford University Press. Evans, J. T. , De Miranda, M. A. , Doggett, M. A. Medical Technology Context and Content in Science and Technology. Johnson, S. 2010, September 1). How lead Location-based Social Media Affect Healthcare? . Retrieved November 17, 2012, from HCP Live http//www. hcplive. com/pop-medicine/How-Will-Location-based-Social-Media-Affect-Healthcare Lambdin, S. , Bornstein, L. , Reichwaldt, K. , Garcia, J. , Lombard, H. Medical Advancements Due to Technology . National Bureau of Economic Research. (n. d. ). Why Do Death Rates origin? Retrieved November 18, 2012, from the NATIONAL BUREAU of ECONOMIC RESEARCH http//www. nber. org/digest/mar02/w8556. tml Nortel Networks Corperation. (2009, January 14). Technologys Impact on Healthcare. Retrieved November 19, 2012, from Nortel http//www2. nortel. com/go/news_detail. jsp? cat_id=-10061&oid=100212311&locale=en-us&lcid=-1 Plague in the United States. (n. d. ). Retrieved Novemeber 16, 2012, from Centers for Disease go for and Prevention http//www. cdc. gov/plague/maps/index. html Staff, M. C. (2011, September 27). Epidermolysis Bullosa. Retrieved November 19, 2012, from Mayo Clinic http//www. mayoclinic. om/health/epidermolysis-bullosa/DS01015 Technology and Medicine. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 19, 2012, from 123helpme. com www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=27669 THE MIDDLE AGES. NET . (n. d. ). Retrieved November 18, 2012, from The Black Death Bubonic Plague http//www. themiddleages. net/p lague. html Vattimo, G. (2012). The Post Modern A Transparent Society. In R. Srigley, D. Coll, A. Duncan, G. Germain, & C. Lacroix, Dreams of PerfectionGlobalization and its Critics (pp. 43-48). Oxford University Press.